Chapter 2: Medical Terminology and Anatomy Flashcards
Pro Re Nata (PRN) means
When necessary
Base word is considered
a root
Root word
The body area or system being discussed.
Derm/o = Skin
Splen/o = Spleen
Compound Words
A word that can have multiple roots.
Cardiovascular = Cardi/o = Heart; Vascul/o = Vessel
Nephrolithiasis = Nephr/o = Kidney; Lith = Calculus or stone
Prefix
Attached at the beginning of the word.
Tri = Three
Cyan = Blue
Suffix
Attached at the end of the word.
- ectomy = excision, surgical removal
- itis = inflammation
Anatomy
Structure of the body parts and their relationship to each other.
Physiology
Function of the body and how the body parts work to carry out their life-sustaining activities.
Organ
Multiple tissue types formed together to perform a specific function of the body.
Organ system
A collection of body parts depending on one another to achieve a mutual objective.
Anatomical position
The standard body position; used when talking about directional terms in medical documentation.
Superior portion
Towards the head.
Inferior portion
Towards the feet.
Integumentary System
Skin
Hair
Nails
CPT includes breasts
What are the two layers of skin?
Dermis and Epidermis
What are the six layers of nails?
Nail root: Extends into the skin.
Nail bed: Area where the nail lays on; extends from the lunula to the hyponychium (pink part of nail; gets its color from blood vessels, nerves and melanocytes).
Nail plate: Actual nail made of translucent keratin.
Cuticle: Also known as Eponychium.
Perionychium: Skin around the nail.
Hyponychium: Border between free edge and skin.
Musculoskeletal System
Made up of muscle and bones including joints, ligaments and tendons.
Types of bones:
Long (tubular): Longer than they are wide; found in limbs.
Ex: Femur, humerus.
Short (cuboidal): Shaped like a cube.
Ex: Carpal bones in wrist, tarsal bones in ankle.
Sesamoid: Shaped like a sesame seed; can be found in tendons and joints.
Ex: Two sesamoid bones found in the balls of the foot.
Ex: Patella, knee.
Flat: Cross section is flat.
Ex: Skull, ribs.
Irregular: Bones that do not fit other categories.
Ex: Vertebrae.
Cartilage
Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue that is non-vascular, has no blood vessels. Matrix made of chondrocytes, collagen and cells.
Joints
Articulating surfaces that provide connection between two or more parts of the skeleton.
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (most joints are this type)
What are the two parts of a skeleton?
Axial skeleton: Protects vital organs. Contains: Skull Spine Ribs Sternum Sacrum
Appendicular skeleton Contains: Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Extremities
Muscles
Has the property of contractility, provides form and produces heat for the body.
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal muscle: Also called striated move the skeleton; attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Cardiac muscle: The heart muscle; involuntary muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.
Smooth muscle: Found in the walls of hollow organs in the body.
Ex: Esophagus to move food through.
Ex: Bladder to control blood flow.
Ex: Eyes.
Cardiovascular system
Made up of the heart and blood vessels.
What three layers is the heart composed of?
is composed of three layers:
Epicardium: Outer lining.
Myocardium: Main heart muscle.
Endocardium: Inner lining.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries: Take blood away from the heart.
Veins: Take blood back to the heart.
Capillaries: Semi-permeable vessels that facilitate the exchange of fluids, oxygen, nutrients and waste between local tissues and bloodstream.
Lymphatic System
Collects excess fluid and returns it to the heart. Valves ensure that fluid travels in one direction.
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels and nodes.
What are the lymphoid organs?
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Respiratory System
Includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and alveoli; functions to swap carbon dioxide for oxygen.
Digestive System
Digestive system: Feeding tube that begins in the mouth, ends at the anus; mechanically and chemically breaks down food into miniscule or molecular size.
What are the parts of the stomach?
Stomach: Esophagus, fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Esophagus: Joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice.
Fundus: Rounded upper portion of the stomach.
Body: The main portion.
Pyloric Antrum: Lower portion of the stomach.
What parts make up the small intestine?
Duodenum: First part of the small intestine.
Jejunum: Second part of the small intestine.
Ileum: Lower third of the small intestine.
What parts make up the large intestine?
Ascending colon: From the ileocecal valve to the hepatic flexure.
Transverse colon: Ascending colon becomes transverse colon.
Descending colon: Transverse colon moves down to become descending colon at spleening flexure.
Sigmoid colon: Descending colon gives way to the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
Urinary System
Responsible for production of urine; excrete metabolic waste; fluid and electrolyte balance.
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What are the external parts of female genitalia?
Vulva Labia majora and minora Clitoris Introitus: Opening that leads into the vaginal canal Skene’s glands Bartholin’s glands
What are the internal parts of female genitalia?
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
What are the external parts of male genitalia?
Testes
Epididymis
Scrotum
Penis
What are the internal parts of male genitalia?
Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Cowper’s glands. Vas Deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra
Nervous System
Sensory, integrative and motor; helps us to feel, think, remember, move and beware of the world around us.
What two groups is the nervous system divided into?
Central Nervous System:
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System:
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
What is the function of the nervous system?
Functions as a central operator and central intelligence for the body.
Regulates body function.
Provides for an internal method of communication.
Regulates subconscious body functions (respiratory rate, body temperature, peristalsis of intestines).
Sends signals when hot, cold or sharp objects are encountered.
What are the organs of sense?
Eyes and ears.
What is an eye the organ of?
Organ of sight
What are the three layers of the eye?
Retina (nervous)
Choroid (vascular)
Sclera (fibrous)
What are the two segments divided by crystalline lens?
Anterior segment:
Filled with aqueous humor.
Responsible for intraocular pressure.
Posterior segment:
Filled with vitreous humor.
Prevents the eyeball from collapsing.
What is an ear the organ of and its function?
Sense organ of hearing and equilibrium; the ear works with the auditory nerves to send auditory impulses to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. These structures working together form the auditory apparatus.
What are the three anatomical positions of the ear?
Outer ear (external) Middle ear (tympanic cavity) Inner ear (labrinth)
Auditory apparatus
Uses the ear to capture sound waves and transmits or conducts them into the tiny hair cells in the organ corti.
Dendrites
Nerve endings of the sensory neurons for hearing are found in the bottom of those tiny hair cells.
Auditory canal
Connects each middle ear to the throat; allows easy transfer of infections to the throat to move in the ear causing a middle ear infection.
Autology
Study of the ear
What are the two types of services for the ear?
Audiometry
Studies to test and improve hearing.
Note: Codes usually found in the medical section of the CPT Codebook.
Surgical
Performed by an EMT physician.
Note: Codes are usually found in the surgical section of the CPT Codebook.
Endocrine system
Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Comprised of glands.
What do glands of the endocrine system do?
Group of cells that secrete or excrete hormones.
Can be found in a variety of locations.
Each gland and its associated hormone has a cause and effect that is unique
Hemic System
Involves the blood.
Red blood cells: Contains the hemoglobin that enables the cells to pick up and deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
White cells: Primary defense for the body against infection.
Platelets: Form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels and assists in the clotting process.
Immune System
Classified as a separate system from the hematologic system, most immune cells have their origin in the hematologic system.
Human immune system
Body’s defense against invading microorganisms, harmful chemicals and foreign bodies.
What two immune cells (lymphocytes) make up the system?
B cells:
Created and matured in the bone marrow.
Gets activated and produces antibodies onto the surface of the infection.
T cells
Identify infectious agents and attack them.
What other types of white blood cells used by the body for protection?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.
Antigens
Elicit an immune response in the body.
What are the types of antigens?
Inhaled macromolecules
Ingested macromolecules
Molecules introduced beneath the skin
What is the inner layer of the heart?
Endocardium
Where is gas exchanged and moved from the respiratory system into the circulatory system?
Alveoli and capillaries
Gases are exchanged across the single cell layer of tissue comprising the alveolar sac into the pulmonary circulation. Capillaries from the pulmonary circulation are also a single cell layer thick. They form a bed around each alveoli; gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries via the principles of diffusion.
What procedure is performed when the spleen is removed?
Splenectomy
Splen- is the root for spleen. The suffix –ectomy is surgical removal of. A splenectomy is removal of the spleen, total or partial. If only part of the spleen is removed from a patient under 12 years of age, it can regenerate.
What is an example of a long bone?
Metacarpals
Long bones are named for their shape, not their size. Metacarpals are long bones in the fingers.
Which of the following belongs to the appendicular skeleton as opposed to the axial skeleton?
Pelvic Girdle
Which type of membrane is found lining the interior walls of the digestive system?
Mucous membrane
The brain and spinal cord are part of which system?
Central Nervous System
Which leukocyte protects the body from viral infections?
Lymphocytes
What is the medical term for a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis?
Epispadias
Epispadias is a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis. Hypospadias is a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis. (epi=on, over, hypo= under, below.)
Which gland is larger in early life than in puberty?
Thymus gland
The thymus gland does much of its work in early childhood and is largest shortly after birth. By puberty, it is smallest and may be replaced by fat.
Diagnosis: Calcification left basal ganglia.
Where are the basal ganglia located?
Cerebral Cortex
Diagnosis: Vesicoureteral reflux.
What is this a reflux of?
Urine backflow from bladder into ureters
Documentation: The posterior vaginal fornix and outer cervical os were prepped with a cleansing solution.
In this statement, what does “os” stand for?
Ostium (opening)
Hysterosalpingogram report: “Right cornual contour abnormality.”
Where is the cornu (plural cornua) found anatomically for this case?
Where the fallopian tubes connect to the fundus.
Myringotomy
Ear
Documentation: There was no cleft of the uvula or submucosal palate by visual and palpable exam.
What is being examined?
Oral cavity
Documentation: Recession of left inferior rectus muscle, 5 mm.
What anatomic location is being operated on?
Eye
Diagnosis: Kyphosis
What anatomic location does this diagnosis most often refer to?
Thoracic Spine
Documentation: Suprapatellar recess showed no evidence of loose bodies or joint pathology.
What anatomic location does this refer to?
Knee (above the patella)
Colles’ fracture
What anatomic location does this refer to?
Wrist
