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Medical Microbiology > Chapter 2: Medical Microbiology Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Medical Microbiology Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acid-Fast Stain (Zeihl-Neelson)

A

a bacterial staining procedure in which application of acid-alcohol does not cause decolorization, maintaining a dark stain

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2
Q

Aerobic

A

in the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

Anaerobic

A

in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

without sex; a mode of reproduction in which
offspring arise from a single parent and inherit
the genes of that parent only, making the offspring a genetic copy

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5
Q

Antibiotic

A

a natural or synthetic substance that destroys
microorganisms or inhibits their growth to
prevent or treat infection in plants, animals, and
humans

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6
Q

Bactericidal

A

capable of killing
bacteria

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7
Q

Automated

A

to install automatic procedures

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8
Q

Bacilli

A

a genus of gram-positive, spore forming, often aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in
the family Bacillaceae that exist singly or in
chains and mostly inhabit soil or water

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9
Q

Bacteriology

A

scientific study of bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibiting the growth
of bacteria

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11
Q

Broad-Spectrum Drug

A

drug that acts on a wide range of disease-causing bacteria

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12
Q

Binary Fission

A

method of asexual
reproduction in which DNA is replicated and the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells

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13
Q

Broth Dilution

A

process of taking a known concentration and doing several serial dilutions to determine the lowest concentration needed to inhibit or kill
bacteria

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14
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A

The fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture or spinal tap can be
performed to sample CSF fluid to test for the
presence of microorganisms

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15
Q

Capsule

A

a sheath or continuous enclosure around an
organ or structure

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16
Q

Cocci

A

a bacterial type that is spherical or ovoid

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17
Q

Comparative Research

A

a research methodology in the social sciences
that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures

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18
Q

Culture and Sensitivity Test (C&S)

A

a diagnostic lab procedure used to identify the type of bacteria or fungi and to determine which
antimicrobials can successfully fight an infection by collecting urine, blood, or other body fluid and culturing it in a medium and analyzing for antimicrobial susceptibility

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another; what is being observed in an experiment

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20
Q

Disk Diffusion

A

test that uses antibiotic-impregnated wafers to
test whether particular bacteria are susceptible
to specific antibiotics

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21
Q

Descriptive Research

A

used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not
answer questions about how/when/why the
characteristics occurred

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22
Q

Empiric Therapy

A

use of antimicrobials to treat an infection before
the specific causative organism has been
identified with laboratory tests

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23
Q

Endotoxin

A

a lipopolysaccharide that is part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria released after the cell’s death

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24
Q

Experimental Research

A

experiment where the researcher manipulates
one variable, and controls/randomizes the rest of the variables

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25
Q

Exotoxin

A

a poisonous substance produced by certain
bacteria

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26
Q

Flagella

A

threadlike structures that provide motility for certain bacteria and protozoa and for spermatozoa

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27
Q

Genus

A

in taxonomy, the classification between the family and the species

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28
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a thin layer of glycoprotein and oligosaccharides on the outer surface of cell membranes that
contributes to cell adhesion and forms antigens involved in the recognition of “self”

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29
Q

Gram stain

A

a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on chemical and physical properties of their cell wall

30
Q

Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs)

A

infections patients get while receiving medical
treatment

31
Q

Independent Variable

A

a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; what is
being tested or changed in an experiment

32
Q

Incubation

A

the interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptom

33
Q

Infection Control and Prevention

A

policies and procedures used to minimize the
risk of spreading infections, especially in
hospitals and human or animal health care
facilities

34
Q

Medical Microbiology

A

a branch of medicine and microbiology that
deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are of
medical importance and are capable of causing
infectious diseases in human beings

35
Q

Morphology

A

the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function

36
Q

Microbiology

A

the scientific study of microorganisms, that is, of bacteria, fungi, intracellular parasites,
protozoans, viruses, and some worms

37
Q

Mycology

A

the science and study of fungi

38
Q

Narrow-spectrum Drug

A

effective against specific families of bacteria

39
Q

Normal Flora

A

mixture of bacteria normally found at specific body sites

40
Q

Pathogenic

A

productive of disease

41
Q

Parasitology

A

the study of parasites
and parasitism

42
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

any infection that results from a defective
immune system that cannot defend against
pathogens normally found in the environment

43
Q

Resistance

A

a lack of response of a pathogen to treatment
such as antibiotic therapy

44
Q

Science

A

knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation

45
Q

Scientific Inquiry

A

the activities through which individuals develop
knowledge and understanding of scientific
ideas, as well as an understanding of how
scientists study the natural world

46
Q

Scientific Hypothesis

A

the initial building block in the scientific method.
Many describe it as an “educated guess,” based
on prior knowledge and observation, as to the
cause of a particular phenomenon

47
Q

Serology

A

the scientific study of fluid components of the
blood, especially antigens and antibodies

48
Q

Scientific Theories

A

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect
of the natural world that is acquired through the
scientific method and repeatedly tested and
confirmed through observation and
experimentation

49
Q

Social Ethics

A

the philosophical or moral principles that, in one
way or another, represent the collective
experience of people and cultures

50
Q

Species

A

a category of classification for
living organisms; group is just below the genus

51
Q

Spores

A

cells produced by fungi for reproduction; a
resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand
extreme heat or cold or dehydration

52
Q

Spirilla

A

flagellated aerobic bacteria with
an elongated spiral shape, of the genus
Spirillum

53
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by
microorganisms that either ascend from the
urethra or that spread to the kidney from the
bloodstream

54
Q

Virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

55
Q

Virulence

A

the relative power and degree
of pathogenicity possessed by organisms

56
Q

Pathogenic

A

productive of disease

57
Q

Morphology

A

the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function

58
Q

Virulence

A

the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms

59
Q

Scientific Hypotheses

A

the initial building block in the scientific method.
Many describe it as an “educated guess,” based
on prior knowledge and observation, as to the
cause of a particular phenomenon

60
Q

Dependent Variables

A

a variable (often denoted by y) whose value
depends on that of another; what is being
observed in an experiment

61
Q

Independent Variables

A

a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation
does not depend on that of another; what is
being tested or changed in an experiment

62
Q

Mycology

A

the science and study of fungi

63
Q

Virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

64
Q

Parasitology

A

the study of parasites
and parasitism

65
Q

Binary Fission

A

method of asexual
reproduction in which DNA is replicated and the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter
cells

66
Q

Genus

A

in taxonomy, the classification
between the family and the species

67
Q

Species

A

a category of classification for
living organisms; group is just below the genus

68
Q

Flagella

A

threadlike structures that provide
motility for certain bacteria and protozoa and for
spermatozoa

69
Q

Cocci

A

a bacterial type that is spherical or
ovoid

70
Q

Bacilli

A

a genus of gram-positive, sporeforming, often aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in
the family Bacillaceae that exist singly or in
chains and mostly inhabit soil or water

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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