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Medical Microbiology > 1st Semester Final Exam Review > Flashcards

1st Semester Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is spread as an aresol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract

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2
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

immune mechanisms that “learn” to deal with specific invaders

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3
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC’s)

A

a group of immunocompetent cells that mediate cellular immune response by engulfing, processing, and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and B lymphocytes.

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4
Q

Antibodies

A

a substance produced by a B lymphocyte in response to a unique antigen, which it can then combine with to destroy or control it.

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5
Q

Biological Vector

A

A vector that is essential in the life cycle of a pathogenic organism.

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6
Q

B Cells

A

a type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody on subsequent encounters

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7
Q

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

A

a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment and controls movement into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Capsule

A

a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or structure

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

a linear strand made of DNA that carries genetic information (genes)

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10
Q

Cilia

A

threadlike projections from the free surface of certain epithelial cells used to propel or sweep materials across a surface

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11
Q

Contact Transmission

A

occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another

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12
Q

Common Vehicle Transmission

A

the mode of transmission of infectious pathogens from a source that is common to all the cases of a specific disease, by means of a vehicle such as water, food, air, or the blood supply

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13
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

organelle that consists of a network of channels that transport materials within the cell

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a gel-like matrix contained within the cell membrane that holds all of the cell’s internal substructures

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15
Q

Endotoxins

A

a lipopolysaccharide that is part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria released after the cell’s death

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16
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms in which the cell nucleus is surrounded by a membrane

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17
Q

Exotoxins

A

a poisonous substance produced by certain bacteria

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18
Q

Flagella

A

threadlike structures that provide motility for certain bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa

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19
Q

Fomite

A

object that may harbor microorganisms and is capable of transmitting them

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of membrane-bound structures that package proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; important in the processing of proteins for secretion

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21
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

immunity associated with circulating antibodies

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22
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

the ability to protect one’s seldf from pathogens, the immunity you have when you are born

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23
Q

Infection

A

a disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade body tissues

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

cell organelles containing hydrolytic enzyme capsules used to break down proteins and carbohydrates to aid in intracellular digestion

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25
Inoculum
a substance or microorganism introduced by inoculation
26
Macrophage
a monocyte that has left the circulation and settled and matured in a tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, alveoli, and tonsils
27
Mechanical Vector
a vector that simply conveys pathogens to a susceptible individual and is not essential to the development of the organism
28
Microbiology
the scientific study of microorganisms, that is, of bacteria, fungi, intracellular parasites, protozoans, viruses, and some worms
29
Mitochondria
cell organelles of rod or oval shape that contain the enzymes for the aerobic stages of cell respiration and are the site of most ATP synthesis
30
Mitosis
type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
31
Monocytes
a mononuclear phagocytic white blood cell derived from myeloid stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream and act as the first line of defense in the inflammatory process
32
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
the system of fixed macrophages and circulating monocytes that serve as phagocytes, engulfing foreign substances in a wide variety of immune responses
33
Mucous Membranes
linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion
34
Normal Flora
mixture of bacteria normally found at specific body sites
35
Neutrophils
granular white blood cells responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. They play a primary role in inflammation and are readily attracted to foreign antigens, destroying them by phagocytosis
36
Nucleus
the structure within a cell that contains the chromosomes and is responsible for the cell's metabolism, growth, and reproduction
37
Nucleolus
a spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell made of DNA, RNA, and protein; the site of synthesis of rRNA (ribosomes)
38
Pathogen
a microorganism capable of producing a disease
39
Pathogenic
productive of disease
40
Phagocyte
white blood cells that can ingest and destroy microorganisms, cell debris, and other particles in the blood or tissues
41
Pinocytic Vesicles
compartments made when cells ingest extracellular material and its contents by invaginating the cell membrane and pinching off
42
Prokaryotes
in taxonomy, the kingdom of organisms with prokaryotic cell structure; that is, they lack membrane-bound cell organelles and a nuclear membrane around the chromosome
43
Protists
any member of the kingdom Protista; organisms that include the protozoa, unicellular and multicellular algae, and the slime molds
44
T Cells
a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus, contains a T-cell receptor, and plays a central roll in cell-mediated immunity
45
Spores
cells produced by fungi for reproduction ; a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat or cold or dehydration
46
Vector Borne
transmitting a pathogenic microorganism from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts
47
Vectors
carriers of disease
48
Virulence
the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms
49
Acid-Fast Stain (Zeihl-Neelsen)
a bacterial staining procedure in which application of acid-alcohol does not cause decolorization, maintaining a dark stain
50
Aerobic
in the presence of oxygen
51
Anaerobic
in the absence of oxygen
52
Asexual Reproduction
without sex; a mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only, making the offspring a genetic copy
53
Morphology
the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function
54
Science
knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation
55
Descriptive Research
used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occured
56
Scientific Inquiry
the activities through which individuals develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world
57
social ethics
the philosophical or moral principles that, in one way or another, represent the collective experience of people and cultures
58
Comparative Research
a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures
59
scientific hypotheses
the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an "educated guess," based on prior knowledge and observation, as to the cause of a particular phenomenon
60
Scientific Theories
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
61
Experimental Research
experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and controls/randomizes the rest of the variables
62
Dependent Variables
a variable (often denoted by "y") whose value depends on that of another; whatis being observed in an experiment
63
Independent Variables
a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; what is being tested or changed in an experiment
64
Medical Microbiology
a branch of medicine and microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are of medical importance and are capable of causing infectious diseases in human beings
65
Bacteriology
scientific study of bacteria
66
Virology
the study of viruses and viral diseases
67
Mycology
the science and study of fungi
68
Parasitology
the study of parasites and parasitism
69
Infection Control and Prevention
policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities
70
Opportunistic Infections
any infection that results from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment.
71
Serology
the scientific study of fluid components of the blood, especially antigens and antibodies
72
Phycology
the study of algae
73
Immunology
the study of the body's defense against disease, especially at the cellular level
74
Epidemiology
study of causative agent of disease
75
Anti-effective Drug Development
development of drugs used to treat infectious disease
76
Public Health Microbiology
examples are sewage treatment, water purification, and insect control
77
Bioremediation
use of microbes to remove pollutants
78
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
produce vaccines and antibodies
79
Recombinant DNA Technology
alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products or treat disease
80
Binary Fission
method of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated and the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells
81
Genus
in taxonomy, the classification between the family and the species
82
Species
a category of classification for living organisms; group is just below the genus
83
Glycocalyx
a thin layer of glycoprotein and oligosaccharides on the outer surface of cell membranes that contributes to cell adhesion and forms antigens involved in the recognition of "self"
84
Cocci
round or spherical shaped
85
Bacilli
rod shaped
86
Spirilla
spiral shaped
87
Mono
singular bacteria
88
Diplo
bacteria in pairs
89
Strepto
chain-like formation
90
Staphylo
bunch, refers to bacterial formation in clusters
91
Blood
Venipuncture or from an indwelling line using strict sterile technique
92
Urine
clean catch midstream or from indwelling catheter
93
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
lumbar puncture
94
Stool
although sterile container not required, several specimens may be needed and must be sure not to be contaminated with urine
95
Wound
may be aspirated (drawn) from pus-filled area with needle or placing a sterile swab deep within the wound
96
Nasal
sterile swab or thin wire in each nostril. use seperate swab per nostril
97
Throat
use sterile tongue depressor and swab back of throat and tonsils making sure to avoid the cheeks
98
Eyes and Ears
sterile swabs are mainly used
99
Gram Stain
a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on chemical and physical properties of their cell wall
100
Gram-Negative Bacteria
appear pink or red
101
Gram-Positive Bacteria
appear purple
102
Algae, Bacteria, and Fungi
Types of Protists
103
Protozoa
Type of Animal
104
Prions
Infectious Proteins
105
Streptococcus viridens and Diptheroids
Normal Flora of the Throat
106
Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species
Normal Flora of the Stool
107
None
Normal Flora of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
108
Diphtheroids, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Streptococcus viridans
Normal Flora of the Sputum
109
Probiotics
friendly or good bacteria
110
1st Line of Defense of the Immune System
protective barriers such as mucous membranes, skin, body secretions, and excretions
111
2nd Line of Defense of the Immune System
circulatory or bloodstream response
112
3rd Line of Defense of the Immune System
specific types of immune system responses called innate (those you were born with) and adaptive, which can be divided into cellular and antibody (humoral)

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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