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Medical Microbiology > 1st Semester Final Exam Review > Flashcards

1st Semester Final Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is spread as an aresol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract

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2
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

immune mechanisms that “learn” to deal with specific invaders

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3
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC’s)

A

a group of immunocompetent cells that mediate cellular immune response by engulfing, processing, and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and B lymphocytes.

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4
Q

Antibodies

A

a substance produced by a B lymphocyte in response to a unique antigen, which it can then combine with to destroy or control it.

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5
Q

Biological Vector

A

A vector that is essential in the life cycle of a pathogenic organism.

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6
Q

B Cells

A

a type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody on subsequent encounters

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7
Q

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

A

a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment and controls movement into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Capsule

A

a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or structure

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

a linear strand made of DNA that carries genetic information (genes)

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10
Q

Cilia

A

threadlike projections from the free surface of certain epithelial cells used to propel or sweep materials across a surface

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11
Q

Contact Transmission

A

occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another

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12
Q

Common Vehicle Transmission

A

the mode of transmission of infectious pathogens from a source that is common to all the cases of a specific disease, by means of a vehicle such as water, food, air, or the blood supply

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13
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

organelle that consists of a network of channels that transport materials within the cell

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a gel-like matrix contained within the cell membrane that holds all of the cell’s internal substructures

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15
Q

Endotoxins

A

a lipopolysaccharide that is part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria released after the cell’s death

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16
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms in which the cell nucleus is surrounded by a membrane

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17
Q

Exotoxins

A

a poisonous substance produced by certain bacteria

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18
Q

Flagella

A

threadlike structures that provide motility for certain bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa

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19
Q

Fomite

A

object that may harbor microorganisms and is capable of transmitting them

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of membrane-bound structures that package proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; important in the processing of proteins for secretion

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21
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

immunity associated with circulating antibodies

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22
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

the ability to protect one’s seldf from pathogens, the immunity you have when you are born

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23
Q

Infection

A

a disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade body tissues

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

cell organelles containing hydrolytic enzyme capsules used to break down proteins and carbohydrates to aid in intracellular digestion

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25
Q

Inoculum

A

a substance or microorganism introduced by inoculation

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26
Q

Macrophage

A

a monocyte that has left the circulation and settled and matured in a tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, alveoli, and tonsils

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27
Q

Mechanical Vector

A

a vector that simply conveys pathogens to a susceptible individual and is not essential to the development of the organism

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28
Q

Microbiology

A

the scientific study of microorganisms, that is, of bacteria, fungi, intracellular parasites, protozoans, viruses, and some worms

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

cell organelles of rod or oval shape that contain the enzymes for the aerobic stages of cell respiration and are the site of most ATP synthesis

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30
Q

Mitosis

A

type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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31
Q

Monocytes

A

a mononuclear phagocytic white blood cell derived from myeloid stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream and act as the first line of defense in the inflammatory process

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32
Q

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

A

the system of fixed macrophages and circulating monocytes that serve as phagocytes, engulfing foreign substances in a wide variety of immune responses

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33
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion

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34
Q

Normal Flora

A

mixture of bacteria normally found at specific body sites

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35
Q

Neutrophils

A

granular white blood cells responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection. They play a primary role in inflammation and are readily attracted to foreign antigens, destroying them by phagocytosis

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36
Q

Nucleus

A

the structure within a cell that contains the chromosomes and is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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37
Q

Nucleolus

A

a spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell made of DNA, RNA, and protein; the site of synthesis of rRNA (ribosomes)

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38
Q

Pathogen

A

a microorganism capable of producing a disease

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39
Q

Pathogenic

A

productive of disease

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40
Q

Phagocyte

A

white blood cells that can ingest and destroy microorganisms, cell debris, and other particles in the blood or tissues

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41
Q

Pinocytic Vesicles

A

compartments made when cells ingest extracellular material and its contents by invaginating the cell membrane and pinching off

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42
Q

Prokaryotes

A

in taxonomy, the kingdom of organisms with prokaryotic cell structure; that is, they lack membrane-bound cell organelles and a nuclear membrane around the chromosome

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43
Q

Protists

A

any member of the kingdom Protista; organisms that include the protozoa, unicellular and multicellular algae, and the slime molds

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44
Q

T Cells

A

a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus, contains a T-cell receptor, and plays a central roll in cell-mediated immunity

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45
Q

Spores

A

cells produced by fungi for reproduction ; a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat or cold or dehydration

46
Q

Vector Borne

A

transmitting a pathogenic microorganism from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts

47
Q

Vectors

A

carriers of disease

48
Q

Virulence

A

the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms

49
Q

Acid-Fast Stain (Zeihl-Neelsen)

A

a bacterial staining procedure in which application of acid-alcohol does not cause decolorization, maintaining a dark stain

50
Q

Aerobic

A

in the presence of oxygen

51
Q

Anaerobic

A

in the absence of oxygen

52
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

without sex; a mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only, making the offspring a genetic copy

53
Q

Morphology

A

the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function

54
Q

Science

A

knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation

55
Q

Descriptive Research

A

used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occured

56
Q

Scientific Inquiry

A

the activities through which individuals develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world

57
Q

social ethics

A

the philosophical or moral principles that, in one way or another, represent the collective experience of people and cultures

58
Q

Comparative Research

A

a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures

59
Q

scientific hypotheses

A

the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an “educated guess,” based on prior knowledge and observation, as to the cause of a particular phenomenon

60
Q

Scientific Theories

A

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation

61
Q

Experimental Research

A

experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and controls/randomizes the rest of the variables

62
Q

Dependent Variables

A

a variable (often denoted by “y”) whose value depends on that of another; whatis being observed in an experiment

63
Q

Independent Variables

A

a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; what is being tested or changed in an experiment

64
Q

Medical Microbiology

A

a branch of medicine and microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are of medical importance and are capable of causing infectious diseases in human beings

65
Q

Bacteriology

A

scientific study of bacteria

66
Q

Virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

67
Q

Mycology

A

the science and study of fungi

68
Q

Parasitology

A

the study of parasites and parasitism

69
Q

Infection Control and Prevention

A

policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities

70
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

any infection that results from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment.

71
Q

Serology

A

the scientific study of fluid components of the blood, especially antigens and antibodies

72
Q

Phycology

A

the study of algae

73
Q

Immunology

A

the study of the body’s defense against disease, especially at the cellular level

74
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of causative agent of disease

75
Q

Anti-effective Drug Development

A

development of drugs used to treat infectious disease

76
Q

Public Health Microbiology

A

examples are sewage treatment, water purification, and insect control

77
Q

Bioremediation

A

use of microbes to remove pollutants

78
Q

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

A

produce vaccines and antibodies

79
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A

alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products or treat disease

80
Q

Binary Fission

A

method of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated and the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells

81
Q

Genus

A

in taxonomy, the classification between the family and the species

82
Q

Species

A

a category of classification for living organisms; group is just below the genus

83
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a thin layer of glycoprotein and oligosaccharides on the outer surface of cell membranes that contributes to cell adhesion and forms antigens involved in the recognition of “self”

84
Q

Cocci

A

round or spherical shaped

85
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shaped

86
Q

Spirilla

A

spiral shaped

87
Q

Mono

A

singular bacteria

88
Q

Diplo

A

bacteria in pairs

89
Q

Strepto

A

chain-like formation

90
Q

Staphylo

A

bunch, refers to bacterial formation in clusters

91
Q

Blood

A

Venipuncture or from an indwelling line using strict sterile technique

92
Q

Urine

A

clean catch midstream or from indwelling catheter

93
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

lumbar puncture

94
Q

Stool

A

although sterile container not required, several specimens may be needed and must be sure not to be contaminated with urine

95
Q

Wound

A

may be aspirated (drawn) from pus-filled area with needle or placing a sterile swab deep within the wound

96
Q

Nasal

A

sterile swab or thin wire in each nostril. use seperate swab per nostril

97
Q

Throat

A

use sterile tongue depressor and swab back of throat and tonsils making sure to avoid the cheeks

98
Q

Eyes and Ears

A

sterile swabs are mainly used

99
Q

Gram Stain

A

a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on chemical and physical properties of their cell wall

100
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

appear pink or red

101
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

appear purple

102
Q

Algae, Bacteria, and Fungi

A

Types of Protists

103
Q

Protozoa

A

Type of Animal

104
Q

Prions

A

Infectious Proteins

105
Q

Streptococcus viridens and Diptheroids

A

Normal Flora of the Throat

106
Q

Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species

A

Normal Flora of the Stool

107
Q

None

A

Normal Flora of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

108
Q

Diphtheroids, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Streptococcus viridans

A

Normal Flora of the Sputum

109
Q

Probiotics

A

friendly or good bacteria

110
Q

1st Line of Defense of the Immune System

A

protective barriers such as mucous membranes, skin, body secretions, and excretions

111
Q

2nd Line of Defense of the Immune System

A

circulatory or bloodstream response

112
Q

3rd Line of Defense of the Immune System

A

specific types of immune system responses called innate (those you were born with) and adaptive, which can be divided into cellular and antibody (humoral)

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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