1st Semester Final Exam Review Flashcards
Airborne Transmission
a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is spread as an aresol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract
Adaptive Immune Response
immune mechanisms that “learn” to deal with specific invaders
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC’s)
a group of immunocompetent cells that mediate cellular immune response by engulfing, processing, and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and B lymphocytes.
Antibodies
a substance produced by a B lymphocyte in response to a unique antigen, which it can then combine with to destroy or control it.
Biological Vector
A vector that is essential in the life cycle of a pathogenic organism.
B Cells
a type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody on subsequent encounters
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment and controls movement into and out of the cell
Capsule
a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or structure
Chromosomes
a linear strand made of DNA that carries genetic information (genes)
Cilia
threadlike projections from the free surface of certain epithelial cells used to propel or sweep materials across a surface
Contact Transmission
occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another
Common Vehicle Transmission
the mode of transmission of infectious pathogens from a source that is common to all the cases of a specific disease, by means of a vehicle such as water, food, air, or the blood supply
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
organelle that consists of a network of channels that transport materials within the cell
Cytoplasm
a gel-like matrix contained within the cell membrane that holds all of the cell’s internal substructures
Endotoxins
a lipopolysaccharide that is part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria released after the cell’s death
Eukaryotes
organisms in which the cell nucleus is surrounded by a membrane
Exotoxins
a poisonous substance produced by certain bacteria
Flagella
threadlike structures that provide motility for certain bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa
Fomite
object that may harbor microorganisms and is capable of transmitting them
Golgi Apparatus
stacks of membrane-bound structures that package proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; important in the processing of proteins for secretion
Humoral Immune Response
immunity associated with circulating antibodies
Innate Immune Response
the ability to protect one’s seldf from pathogens, the immunity you have when you are born
Infection
a disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade body tissues
Lysosomes
cell organelles containing hydrolytic enzyme capsules used to break down proteins and carbohydrates to aid in intracellular digestion
Inoculum
a substance or microorganism introduced by inoculation
Macrophage
a monocyte that has left the circulation and settled and matured in a tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, alveoli, and tonsils
Mechanical Vector
a vector that simply conveys pathogens to a susceptible individual and is not essential to the development of the organism
Microbiology
the scientific study of microorganisms, that is, of bacteria, fungi, intracellular parasites, protozoans, viruses, and some worms
Mitochondria
cell organelles of rod or oval shape that contain the enzymes for the aerobic stages of cell respiration and are the site of most ATP synthesis
Mitosis
type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Monocytes
a mononuclear phagocytic white blood cell derived from myeloid stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream and act as the first line of defense in the inflammatory process
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
the system of fixed macrophages and circulating monocytes that serve as phagocytes, engulfing foreign substances in a wide variety of immune responses
Mucous Membranes
linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion
Normal Flora
mixture of bacteria normally found at specific body sites
Neutrophils
granular white blood cells responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection. They play a primary role in inflammation and are readily attracted to foreign antigens, destroying them by phagocytosis
Nucleus
the structure within a cell that contains the chromosomes and is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Nucleolus
a spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell made of DNA, RNA, and protein; the site of synthesis of rRNA (ribosomes)
Pathogen
a microorganism capable of producing a disease
Pathogenic
productive of disease
Phagocyte
white blood cells that can ingest and destroy microorganisms, cell debris, and other particles in the blood or tissues
Pinocytic Vesicles
compartments made when cells ingest extracellular material and its contents by invaginating the cell membrane and pinching off
Prokaryotes
in taxonomy, the kingdom of organisms with prokaryotic cell structure; that is, they lack membrane-bound cell organelles and a nuclear membrane around the chromosome
Protists
any member of the kingdom Protista; organisms that include the protozoa, unicellular and multicellular algae, and the slime molds
T Cells
a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus, contains a T-cell receptor, and plays a central roll in cell-mediated immunity
Spores
cells produced by fungi for reproduction ; a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat or cold or dehydration
Vector Borne
transmitting a pathogenic microorganism from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts
Vectors
carriers of disease
Virulence
the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms
Acid-Fast Stain (Zeihl-Neelsen)
a bacterial staining procedure in which application of acid-alcohol does not cause decolorization, maintaining a dark stain
Aerobic
in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
in the absence of oxygen
Asexual Reproduction
without sex; a mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only, making the offspring a genetic copy
Morphology
the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function
Science
knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation
Descriptive Research
used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occured
Scientific Inquiry
the activities through which individuals develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world
social ethics
the philosophical or moral principles that, in one way or another, represent the collective experience of people and cultures
Comparative Research
a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures
scientific hypotheses
the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an “educated guess,” based on prior knowledge and observation, as to the cause of a particular phenomenon
Scientific Theories
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
Experimental Research
experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and controls/randomizes the rest of the variables
Dependent Variables
a variable (often denoted by “y”) whose value depends on that of another; whatis being observed in an experiment
Independent Variables
a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; what is being tested or changed in an experiment
Medical Microbiology
a branch of medicine and microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are of medical importance and are capable of causing infectious diseases in human beings
Bacteriology
scientific study of bacteria
Virology
the study of viruses and viral diseases
Mycology
the science and study of fungi
Parasitology
the study of parasites and parasitism
Infection Control and Prevention
policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities
Opportunistic Infections
any infection that results from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment.
Serology
the scientific study of fluid components of the blood, especially antigens and antibodies
Phycology
the study of algae
Immunology
the study of the body’s defense against disease, especially at the cellular level
Epidemiology
study of causative agent of disease
Anti-effective Drug Development
development of drugs used to treat infectious disease
Public Health Microbiology
examples are sewage treatment, water purification, and insect control
Bioremediation
use of microbes to remove pollutants
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
produce vaccines and antibodies
Recombinant DNA Technology
alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products or treat disease
Binary Fission
method of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated and the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells
Genus
in taxonomy, the classification between the family and the species
Species
a category of classification for living organisms; group is just below the genus
Glycocalyx
a thin layer of glycoprotein and oligosaccharides on the outer surface of cell membranes that contributes to cell adhesion and forms antigens involved in the recognition of “self”
Cocci
round or spherical shaped
Bacilli
rod shaped
Spirilla
spiral shaped
Mono
singular bacteria
Diplo
bacteria in pairs
Strepto
chain-like formation
Staphylo
bunch, refers to bacterial formation in clusters
Blood
Venipuncture or from an indwelling line using strict sterile technique
Urine
clean catch midstream or from indwelling catheter
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
lumbar puncture
Stool
although sterile container not required, several specimens may be needed and must be sure not to be contaminated with urine
Wound
may be aspirated (drawn) from pus-filled area with needle or placing a sterile swab deep within the wound
Nasal
sterile swab or thin wire in each nostril. use seperate swab per nostril
Throat
use sterile tongue depressor and swab back of throat and tonsils making sure to avoid the cheeks
Eyes and Ears
sterile swabs are mainly used
Gram Stain
a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on chemical and physical properties of their cell wall
Gram-Negative Bacteria
appear pink or red
Gram-Positive Bacteria
appear purple
Algae, Bacteria, and Fungi
Types of Protists
Protozoa
Type of Animal
Prions
Infectious Proteins
Streptococcus viridens and Diptheroids
Normal Flora of the Throat
Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species
Normal Flora of the Stool
None
Normal Flora of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Diphtheroids, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Streptococcus viridans
Normal Flora of the Sputum
Probiotics
friendly or good bacteria
1st Line of Defense of the Immune System
protective barriers such as mucous membranes, skin, body secretions, and excretions
2nd Line of Defense of the Immune System
circulatory or bloodstream response
3rd Line of Defense of the Immune System
specific types of immune system responses called innate (those you were born with) and adaptive, which can be divided into cellular and antibody (humoral)
