Chapter 2 - Materials and the environment Flashcards
Stages of a Product Life Cycle
- Concept
- Design
- Development
- Manufacture
- Market
- Use
- End of Life
Design Considerations / What Industrial designer need to mind
- Functionality and performance
- Manufacturability, logistics
- Reliability, safety
- Cost, market penetration
How can materials selection help to achieve an EcoDesign 1
- Lightweight- ‘ing’
- Avoiding toxic and hazardous substances
- Avoiding ozone-depleting substances
- Avoiding or minimizing the production of greenhouse gases
- Types of flame retardant
- Reducing material variety
End of Life - Physical Life
Meaning the time in which the product breaks down beyond economic repair
End of Life - Functional Life
Meaning the time when the need for it ceases to exist
End of Life - Technical Life
Meaning the time at which advances in technology have made the product unacceptably obsolete
End of Life - Economical Life
Meaning the time at which advances in design and technology offer the same functionality at significantly lower operating cost
End of Life - Legal Life
The time at which new standards, directives, legislation or restrictions make the use of the product illegal
End of Life - Loss Of Desirability
The time at which changes in taste, fashion, or aesthetic preference render the product unattractive
How can materials selection help to achieve an EcoDesign 2
- Using recyclable materials
- Using compatible materials
- Reducing the use of composites
- Considering the type of fibre used for material reinforcement
- Minimizing the use additives
- Use of biodegradable materials
How can materials selection help to achieve an EcoDesign 3
- Product design
- Process Design
- End of Life Options
- Communication
- Distribution
- Reduction of Impacts During Production Use
Drivers for eco-design
- Focus on carbon footprint by government
- Legislation
- Incentives
- Urge for “responsible” manufacture
- Doing more with less money
How is the LCA?
Expensive, and requires great detail and experience - and even then is subject to uncertainty
Embodied Energy of a material
Is the energy that must be committed to create 1kg of usable material
What is the Young’s Modulus
Measure of stiffness of an elastic material
- More stiff the material, greater the young modulus
- Determines its elasticity or stiffness
Aim of Material Efficiency
Retain as much material in the consumption loop with as little input from material production, and as little lost at end of life, as possible.
What is the Yield Strength of a Material
Measurement to determine the maximum stress that can be applied before permanent shape change is achieved in ductile materials.
Constraints for selection to minimize embodied energy
- Able to be moulded
- Transparent / Translucent
3 measurements contributing to Materials Efficiency
- Engineering Solutions
- Legislation
- Lifestyle
Stages of the Product End of Life
- Physical Life
- Functional Life
- Technical Life
- Economical Life
- Legal Life
- Loss of Desirability
