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Perception And Sensation > Chapter 2 – Light And The Eyes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 – Light And The Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

If physical phenomenon that is simultaneously both away the end of stream of particles

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2
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

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3
Q

Photons

A

Single particles of light a photon is the smallest possible quantity of electromagnetic radiation

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4
Q

Optic Array

A

The spatial pattern of light rays, varying in brightness and color, entering your eyes from different locations in a scene

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5
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

Three pairs of muscles around each I thought enable us to move our eyes very rapidly and accurately and keep the eyes always pointed in the same direction

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6
Q

Optic axis

A

And imaginary diameter line from the front to the back of the eye, passing through the centre of the lens

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7
Q

Sclera

A

The outer membrane of the eye, a tough protective covering who is visible portion is the weight of the eye and the transparent cornea at the front of the eye

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8
Q

Choroid

A

The middle membrane of the eye, lining the interior of the sclera and containing most of the blood vessels that supply the inside of the eye with oxygen and nutrients

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9
Q

Retina

A

The inner membrane of the eye, made up of neurons, including the photo receptors that convert the light entering the eye into neural signals

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10
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent membrane at the front of the eye; light enters the eye by first passing through the cornea, which sharply refracts the light

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11
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of the eye – a small circular muscle with an opening in the middle (people) through which light enters the eye

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12
Q

Pupil

A

An opening in the middle of the iris, through which light enters the eye

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13
Q

Anterior chamber

A

The space between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humour

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14
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

The automatic process by which the iris contracts and relaxes to control the size of the people, in response to the relative brightness of light entering the eye

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15
Q

The posterior chamber

A

The space between the iris in the lens, filled with aqueous humour

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16
Q

Aqueous humour

A

But clear, thin fluid filling the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

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17
Q

Vitreous humour

A

A clear, somewhat gel like fluid filling the vitreous chamber of the eye

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18
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure near the front of the eye that refracts the light passing through the pupil so that the light focus properly on the retina

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19
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

Tiny muscles attached to the choroid; they were locks and contract to control how the choroid polls on the zonule fibres to change the shape of the lens

zonule: fibres that connect the lens to the choroid, they pull on the lens to change its shape

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20
Q

Photo receptors

A

Retinal neurons (rods and cones) that transduce light into neural signals

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21
Q

Nuclear layers

A

The three main layers of the retina including the outer nuclear layer, and a nuclear layer, and the ganglion cell layer

Outer: The layer of the retina consisting of photo receptors

Inner: The layer of the retina that contains bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells

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22
Q

Synaptic layers

A

In the retina, till they are separating the three nuclear layers – the other synaptic layer and the intercept optic layer

23
Q

Rods/cones

A

One of the two classes of photo receptors, named for their distinctive shape

24
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

The layer of the retina that contains retinal ganglion cells

25
Q

Optic desk (or Blindspot)

A

Location on the written over the axons of RGC exit the eye contains not a photo receptor

26
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerf formed by the bundling together of the axons of our RGC, it exits the eye through the optic disc

27
Q

Fovea

A

A region in the centre of the retina where the light from objects at the centre of our gaze strikes the retina, contains no rods and a very high density of cones

28
Q

Luminance contrast

A

A difference in the intensity of illumination at adjacent retinal locations

29
Q

Photo pigment

A

A molecule with the ability to absorb light and initiate transduction

30
Q

Spectral sensitivity

A

The degree to which a photo pigment molecule absorbs light of different wavelengths

31
Q

Photoisomerization

A

A change in shape by a photo pigment molecule from one isomer to another. When the molecule absorbs the photon, initiates the transduction of light to a neural signals

32
Q

Operating range

A

The visual system sensitivity to the range of light intensity is within the current Scene; the visual system adjust to operating range according to current conditions

33
Q

Dark adaptation

A

The process of adjusting retinal sensitivity, changing the operating range, as the person moves from a bright environment to a darker one, the reverse process is called light adaptation

34
Q

Convergence

A

A property of retinal circuits in which multiple photo receptors send signals to one retinal ganglion cell

35
Q

Spatial summation

A

A property of retinal circuits with convergence in which signals from photo receptors in some small space at the rental Samantha to affect the response of the retinal ganglion cells in the circuit

36
Q

Receptive field

A

The region of the sensory surface that when stimulated causes a change in the firing rate of a neuron that “monitors” the region of the surface, the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell is the region of the retina occupied by the photo receptors to which the retinal ganglion cells connected

37
Q

Centre surround receptive field

A

A retinal ganglion cell receptive field in which the centre of the receptive field responds differently to stimulation than the surrounding portion of the field

38
Q

On centre receptive fields

A

Receptive fields of RGC With centres around structure in which the RGC increase their firing rate when the amount of light striking the centre of the receptive field increases relatively to the amount of light striking list around

39
Q

Preferred stimulus

A

The type of stimulus that produces endurance maximum firing rate, for our GC with on centre receptive fields, the preferred stimulus is a spot of light that exactly fills the centre of the receptive field

40
Q

Off-center receptive fields

A

Receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells with centres around structure in which the retinal ganglion cells decrease their firing rate when the amount of light striking the centre of the receptive field to Chris’s relative to the amount of light striking the surround

41
Q

Edge enhancement

A

A process by which the visual system makes edges as visible as possible, facilitating perception of where one object or surface ends in the retinal image and another begins

42
Q

Strabismus

A

A disorder of the extra ocular muscles in which the two eyes are not aligned with one another, resulting in a double image, which impairs binocular depth perception

43
Q

Amblyopia

A

A condition in which both eyes develop normally but the neural signals from one I order processed properly, so that find a vision doesn’t develop in that eye

44
Q

Myopia (or nearsightedness)

A

A condition in which the optic access is too long and accommodation cannot make the lens good enough to focus light from a distant objects on the retina, so the light comes to a focus in front of the retina, and the image on the retina is blurry. The person can see nearby objects clearly but not distant objects

45
Q

Hyperopia (farsighted)

A

A condition in which the optic access is too short and accommodation cannot make the lens thick enough to focus light from a nearby objects on the retina, so the light comes to focus behind the retina image on the retina is blurry the person can see distant objects but not nearby objects

46
Q

Presbyopia

A

The lens becomes less elastic with age, characterized by a progressive increase in distance from the eye to the near point as a person ages, as hyperopia accommodation can’t make the lipstick enough to focus light on nearby objects

47
Q

Near point

A

The closest distance at which a person can bring an object into focus, presbyopia is characterized by progressive increase in the distance from the eye to the near point as a person ages

48
Q

Astigmatism

A

A condition in which the curvature of the cornea or lens is slightly irregular asymmetrical, making it impossible for the lens to fully accommodate

49
Q

Cataract

A

A progressive “clouding” of the lens that can, if left untreated, lead to blindness

50
Q

Glaucoma

A

A condition in which the inter-ocular pressure is too high for the persons I, most commonly caused by blockage of an opening that let aqueous Humour drain from the anterior chamber

51
Q

Floaters

A

Shadows on the retina thrown by debris within the virtuous humor, perceived a small semi transparent spots or threats that appear to be floating before the persons eye and intend to move with the eyes

52
Q

Phosphenes

A

Brief, tiny bright flashes in the person’s field of you not caused by late but by any of a variety of other causes

53
Q

Macular degeneration

A

A condition characterized by damage to the photo receptors in a region at the centre of the retina the leading cause of severe visual loss in the USA

54
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

A

On inherited condition in which there is gradual to generation of the photo sceptres over many years, after meeting to night blindness and tunnel vision

Perception And Sensation (2 decks)

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