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Perception And Sensation > Chapter 1 - Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

The initial steps in the perceptual process, whereby physical features of the environment are converted into electrochemical signals that are sent to the brain for processing

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2
Q

Senses

A

Physiological functions for converting particular environmental features into electrochemical signals

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3
Q

Perception

A

The later steps in the perceptual process, we’re by the initial sensory signals are used to represent objects in the van so they can be identified, stored in memory, and used in thought and action

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4
Q

Representations

A

Information in the mind and brain used to identify objects and events, just store them in memory and to support thought and action

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5
Q

Stimuli

A

Objects and events that are perceived (distal stimuli) and the physical phenomenon they produce (proximal stimuli)

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6
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Perceived object or event in the world

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7
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

A physical phenomenon evoked by a distal stimulus that impinges on the specialized cells of a sense

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system that produce and transmit information carrying signals

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9
Q

Neural signals

A

Information carrying electrochemical signals produced and transmitted by neurons

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10
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized neurons that convert proximal stimuli into neural signals

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11
Q

Top – down information

A

And observer’s knowledge, expectations, and goals, which can affect perception

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12
Q

Bottom – up information

A

The information contained in neural signals from receptors

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13
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of a physical stimulus into neural signals (i.e. distal to proximal to neural signals)

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14
Q

Neural code

A

A pattern of neural signals that carries information about a stimulus and can serve as a representation of that stimulus

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15
Q

Psychophysics

A

A field of study concerned with relating psychological experiences to physical stimuli

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

The basic mechanism of a biological evolution, whereby adaptive traits are more likely to be passed on to offspring through genetic inheritance and to become increasingly prevalent in a population

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17
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

The principle that perception depends on the combined activity of many specialized neurons, each of which responds to a specific aspect of a stimulus

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18
Q

Cell membrane

A

A cell structure that separates what’s inside the cell from what outside the cell

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19
Q

Cell body

A

The part of a cell that contains the nucleus us

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Projections that emanate from the cell body of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons

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21
Q

Axon

A

A projection that emanates from the cell body of a neuron and that conducts neural signals to the axon terminal’s, for transmission to other neurons

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22
Q

Axon terminals

A

Endings of an axon, we’re neural signals are transmitted to other neurons

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23
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons that travel together from One location in the nervous system to another

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24
Q

Action potential

A

And electrochemical signals that begins in the dendrites of a neuron and travels down the axon to the axon terminals

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25
Q

Ion

A

And Adam that has an imbalance in the number of protons and electrons and that therefore have an electric charge

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26
Q

Membrane potential

A

A difference in electrical potential across the cell membrane, due to a difference in the concentrations of positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell

27
Q

Resting potential

A

The membrane potential in a neuron is at rest (about -70 mV)

28
Q

Single cell recording

A

A technique used to measure the membrane potential

29
Q

Ion channels

A

Small pores in the cell membrane of neurons through which certain ions can flow into or out of the cell

30
Q

Depolarization

A

Part of the sequence of events of an action potential, during which an inflow a positively charged ions causes the membrane potential to become markedly more positive

31
Q

Refractory Period

A

Following an action potential, a brief period during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

32
Q

Firing rate

A

The rate at which a neuron produces action potential’s usually expressed in terms of spikes per second

33
Q

Baseline firing rate

A

A neurons low rate of spontaneous firing at fairly random intervals in absence of any stimulus

34
Q

Synapse

A

A tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron

35
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

The membrane of the axon terminal of a neuron producing an action potential

36
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

The membrane of the dendrite or cell body receiving a neural signal

37
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

With an axon terminal’s, tiny sacs that contain neurotransmitter molecules

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances involved in the transmission of signals between neurons; neurotransmitter molecules released into the synapse by the neuron sending a signal bind to receptors on the neuron receiving the signals

39
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters that have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, increasing the probability that an action potential will be initiated

40
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter’s

A

Neurotransmitters that happened and have a Tory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, decreasing the probability that an action potential will be initiated

41
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

The effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter, making the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane potential more positive

42
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

The effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter, making a post an optic neuron’s membrane potential more negative

43
Q

Gyrus

A

An elongated bump on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

44
Q

Sulcus

A

On the indentation between two gyri on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

Cognitive neuropsychology

A

The investigation of perceptual and cognitive deficits and individuals with brain damage in order to discover how perception and cognition are carried out in normal, undamaged brains

46
Q

Modularity

A

The idea that the human mind and brain consists of a set of distinct modules, each of which carries out one or more specific function

47
Q

Dissociation

A

In cognitive neuropsychology, a pattern of brain damage and impaired function in which damage to some specific brain region is associated with impairment of some specific function but not with impairment of another function

48
Q

Double dissociation

A

In cognitive neuropsychology, a pattern of brain damage and impaired function in which damage to some specific brain region is associated with impairment of some specific function A but not with impairment of another function B. Along with a pattern in which damage to a different region is associated with impairment a function B but not with a permit to function A

49
Q

Assumption of cognitive uniformity

A

The assumption that the functional organization of human cognition in the brain is essentially the same in everyone

50
Q

Functional neural imaging

A

I don’t real techniques for measuring productivity and healthy volunteers carrying out carefully designed tasks

51
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A functional neural imaging techniques based on measurement of the electrical Field associated with brain activity

52
Q

Magnetoencephalopathy (MEG)

A

Functional neural imaging technique based on measurements of the magnetic field associated with brain activity

53
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Functional neural imaging technique based on measurements of changes in blood flow associated with brain activity, using a radioactive substance introduced into the blood

54
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)

A

A functional neural imaging technique based on measurements of the changes in blood oxygenation associated with brain activity

55
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum intensity of a physical stimulus that can just be detected by an observer

56
Q

Method of adjustment

A

A behavioural method used in psychophysical experiments; the participant observes a stimulus and adjusts a knob that directly controls the intensity of the stimulus

57
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

A behavioural method used in psychophysical experiments; the participant is presented with a fixed set of stimuli covering a range of intensities is that are presented repeatedly in random order, and the participant must indicate whether or not each stimulus was detected

58
Q

Psychometric function

A

Kerf that relates a measure of perceptual experience to the intensity of a physical stimulus

59
Q

Staircase method

A

A behavioural method used in psychophysical experiments the participant is presented with a stimulus and indicates whether it was detected, and based on that response, the next stimulus is either one step up or one step down in intensity

60
Q

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli that allows an observer to perceive that the two stimuli are different

61
Q

Weber’s law

A

A statement of the relationship between the intensity of a standard stimulus and the size of the just noticeable difference

62
Q

Psychophysical scaling

A

The process of measuring how changes in stimulus intensity related changes in perceived intensity

63
Q

Fechner’s law

A

A statement of how the perceived intensity of the stimulus changes as its physical intensity changes

64
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A framework for measuring help people make decisions based on Noisey perceptual evidence, provides a way to measure perceptual sensitivity a part in the decision making style

Perception And Sensation (2 decks)

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