Chapter 2: Lesson1 Flashcards
is a severe test of character or endurance, trying course of experience and a medieval form of judicial that in writ the accused is subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or inmersing the hand of scallding water the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocent
ORDEAL
It is also a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “DEI INDICUM”
ORDEAL
Medieval Latin DEI INDICUM means…
MIRACULOUS DECISION
Refers to the ancient method of train wic the accused was exposed to physical danger wic was to be harmless if he was innocent
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
It was assumed that God would intervene on behalf of the innocent, that is God would not allow any innocent individual and that is, God would not allow to be harmed
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
It was the earliest method of determining truthfulness and deception of a personis suspected of the commission of an offense
TRIAL BY COMBAT
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION:
- RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
- ORDEAL BY BALANCE
- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
- ORDEAL BY RICE OFEWING
- ORDEAL BY RED WATER
- COMBINITION OF DRINK & FOOD ORDEAL
- TRIAL BY COMBAT
- TRIAL BY TORTURE
- DRINKING ORDEAL
- TRIAL BY EUCHARIST
- ORDEAL BY HEAT & FIRE
- ORDEAL BY BOILING OIL/WATER
- ORDEAL BY RED HOT NEEDLE
- ORDEAL OF THE TIGER
- TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL/ TRIAL OF THE CROSS
- DONKEY TAIL ORDEAL
- ORDEAL OF THE BIER
- TRIAL OF WAXING SHIRT
- TRIAL OF CORROSIVE LIQUID
- BURNING
• Practice on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal
• An accused place his tongue to the red iron nine times unless burned sooner
• If burned, he is put to death as he is guilty
Not just only licking the iron but also he made to carry the metal into his hands
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
• Ordeal practice in the Vistinu, India.
• The scale of balance is used where the accused is place in the other and while a counter balance is made
• If he were found to be lighter than before then he will be acquitted
ORDEAL BY THE BALANCE
• Common in Africa
• The subject will be asked to plunge their right arms into boiling water to the elbow and steps to the other side of the fire
• All are told to undergo the test without murmur
• When are finished, they are told to return at the same time the next afternoon
• One who shows blisters would prove the thief
BIOLING WATER ORDEAL
• Practice by the Indians
• It is formed wa kind of rice called SATHEE, prepared with various incantation
•The person on trial eat the rice then spits out upon an eyeful wat
•If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he is declared then a liar
ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING
• Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa
• The ordeal of the “sassy bark” or red water used where the accused is made to fast for 12 hours then swallows a small amount of rice until he is imbibed in dark colored water This water is actually emetic if the suspects ejects all the rice, he is considered innocent; otherwise the accused is guilty
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
▲ Practice by the West Africa region
▲ The accused first fasted for 12 hours and the given small amount of rice to eat followed by large amount of black colored water
▲ If the concoction was vomited, the accused was pronounce innocent otherwise, guilty
COMBINITION OF DRINK AND FOOD ORDEAL
• A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle will be adjudge guilty.
• Originated in India where the accuser could hire somebody or bigger one to fight the accused.
• The loser is guilty of crime.
• Became the legal ordeal in England during the time of King Henry III.
TRIAL BY COMBAT
The accused was put into severe physical test, If the accused can endure such torture, he will be considered innocent.
TRIAL BY TORTURE
• The accused was given the decoction to drink by a priest if innocent: no harm befalls him, but if guilty, will die.
• Practice in Nigeria and India.
DRINKING ORDEAL
• This trial is reserve for the clergy, and administered w/ the pomp and ceremony.
• If the accused was innocent, it was believe that Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him.
• Practice in European Countries
TRIAL BY EUCHARIST
• The accused was compelled to walk bare footed through a fire he remains unhurt then he is innocent.
• Practiced in East Germany early Scandinavian countries and early England
ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE
• The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it.
• If he remains unhurt then he is innocent.
• Practice in Asian countries.
ORDEAL OF BOILING OIL OR WATER
▲ A red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused, if innocent, no blood will be seen flowing out.
▲ Practice in East Africa.
ORDEAL BY RED HOT NEEDLE
• Accuser and accuse where place together in the same and a tiger set loose upon therm.
• If both were spared, further elimination followed.
• Practice in Thailand
ORDEAL OF THE TIGER
▲The accuser and the accused each were made to stand w/ arms crossed on their breast
• The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth the other, is liar.
▲Practice in Europe
TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL / TRIAL OF THE CROSS
○ A donkey was placed in one room alone and was observed.
○ If the donkey cried as judge of the guilty of crimes, then the accused is guilty
DONKEY TAIL ORDEAL
- Accused will be put with a CADAVER
- If there will be blood : means guilty
- From Book of Shakespeare
ORDEAL OF THE BIER (CADAVER)
- shirt will be covered by/with candle wax. then accused walk to burning coal
TRIAL OF THE WAXING SHIRT
POPULAR COUNTRIES THAT PRACTICED TRIAL BY ORDEAL:
- Burma
- Borneo
- Greece
- Nigeria
- Europe and Early United States
• The accuser and accused were given each identical candle and both are lightened at the same time
• The holder of the candle that consume faster was adjudges as liar.
BURMA
▲ The accuser and the accused were presented by shell fish placed on a plate.
▲ An irritating fluid was then poured on the shell fish and the litigant whose shell fish moved first was adjudged the winner
BORNEO
▲The suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was in line w/ the blade was supposed to be guilty as pointed out by the divine providence
GREECE
• The priest greased a feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If the not, the accused is guilty
• Another method was the practice of pouring corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused w/ the usual requisites for guilt or Innocence
NIGERIA
• Trial by water was commonly used on those accused of witchcraft
• The accused was bound (hand and foot) and cast into the body of water If the accused sank, he was hauled to the surface half drowned and deemed innocent.
• If he floated, he was deemed guilty and burned to death.
EUROPE AND EARLY UNITED STATES (17 Century)
