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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 2 lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 2 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

2 general types of cells in body

A

body cells

sex cells

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol

organelles

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3
Q

plasmalemma

A

cell membrane

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4
Q

nonmembranous organelles

A 
cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
flagella
cilia
ribosomes
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5
Q

membranous organelles

A 
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
nucleus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
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6
Q

plasmalemma composition

A

lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates

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7
Q

plasmalemma function

A

isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit of materials

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8
Q

cytosol composition

A

fluid component of cytoplasm…may contain inclusions of insoluble materials

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9
Q

cytosol function

A

distributes materials by diffusion, stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

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10
Q

cytoskeleton

A

-proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubules

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11
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

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12
Q

microvilli

A

membrane extensions containing microfilaments

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13
Q

microvilli function

A

increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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14
Q

Centrosome and centrioles

A

centrosome is cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles. centrioles are made up of nine mictrotubule triplets

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15
Q

centrosome and centriole function

A

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

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16
Q

cilia

A

membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array

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17
Q

cilia function

A

movement of materials over cell surface

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18
Q

ribosomes

A

RNA+proteins. attached ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic riticulum and free ribosomes are scattered throughout cytoplasm

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane with inner membrane folds (Cristae) inclosing metabolic enzymes. produce 95% of the ATP required by cell

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double layered membrane (nuclear envelope) containing nuclear pores.

controls metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

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21
Q

nucleolus

A

Dense region in the nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA. site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal structures

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22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranous channels extending throughout cytoplasm.

Synthesis of secretory products; intrcellular storage and transport

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23
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes bound to membranes

modification and packaginf od newly synthesized proteins

24
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lacks attached ribosomes

lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis; calcium ion storage, detoxification of toxins

25
Q

lysosome

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens
fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials
recycle damaged organelles

26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing degradative enzymes.

consist of catalase
abundant in liver cells
convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidants

catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process.

27
Q

plasmalemma

A 
a cell membrane composed of
phospholipids
glycolipids
protein
cholesterol
28
Q

functions of plasmalemma

A

physical isolation
regulation of exchange with the environment (permeability)
sensitivity
cell to cell communication/adhesion/structural support

29
Q

phospholipid bilayer structure

A

hydrophobic heads at the surfaces (inside and outside linings)
hydrophilic fatty acids (tails) face towards each other
outer layer consists of glycolipids and glycoproteins
glycolipids and glycoproteins form a glycocalyx coating
inner layer does not consist of glycolipids or glycoproteins

30
Q

protein molecules in plasmalemma

A

peripheral proteins: attached to the glycerol portions of the fatty acids
integral proteins: embedded within the cell membrane and form channels such as gated channels that open and close

31
Q

sterol molecules in plasmalemma

A

function to maintain fluidity of the membrane. cholesterol is an example

32
Q

membrane permeability of the plasmalemma

A

passive processes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitative diffusion
active processes: active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

33
Q

diffusion

A

passive process. movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
permeability, concentration gradient, molecule size and charge, temperature affect the rate of movement.
small inorganic ions and small molecules are involved

34
Q

osmosis

A

passive process. movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
only water molecules are involved
permeability, concentration gradient, and opposing pressure affect the rate of movement

35
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive process. solutes are passively transported by a carrier protein
concentration gradient, size and charge of the solute, temp, and number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement
glucose and amino acids are involved

36
Q

active transport

A

active process. solutes are actively transported by a carrier protein ragardless of the concentration gradient
ATP, number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement
sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions are involved

37
Q

exchange pumps

A

carrier proteins that move one solute in one direction and another solute in the opposite direction

38
Q

sodium potassium exchange pump

A

for each molecule of ATP consumed, three sodium ions are ejected from the cell and two potassium ions are reclaimed from the extracellular fluid

39
Q

endocytosis

A

active process.

pinocytosis: vesicles bring small molecules into the cell
phagocytosis: vesicles bring solid particles into the cell.

40
Q

exocytosis

A

active process. the release of intracellular material to the extracellular area.
requires ATP and calcium ions for movement
fluid and cellular waste and secretory products are involved

41
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike projections of the plasmalemma. absorb material from the ECF
increase surface area of the plasmalemme
microvilli can bend back and forth ina waving manner helping to circulate extracellular fluid and helping to absorb nutrients

42
Q

cytoplasm

A

term for all of the intracellular material.
cytosol-consists of Intracellular fluid and nutrients, protein and waste products
organelles- intracellular structures that perform specific functions

43
Q

cytoskeleton structure

A

consists of microfilaments
intermediate filaments
thick filaments
microtubules

44
Q

cytosol

A
  • Contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions as compared to the ECF
  • Consists of a net negative charge
  • Contains a high concentration of protein
  • Contains a small quantity of carbohydrates
  • Contains a large reserve of amino acids and lipids
  • Contains large amounts of inclusions
45
Q

microfilaments

A

consist of actin protein
anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins
stabilize the position of membrane proteins
anchor plasmalemma to cytoplasm
produce movement of the cell or a change in cell’s shape

46
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provide strength
stabilize organelle position
transport material within the cytosol

47
Q

thick filaments

A

consist of myosin protein

found in muscle cells; involved in muscle contraction

48
Q

microtubules

A

composed of tubulin protein
Involved in the formation of centrioles
•perform a function during cell reproduction
•Involved in moving duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
•perform a function during cell reproduction
•Involved in anchoring organelles
•Involved in moving cell organelles
•Involved in moving the entire cell
•Involved in moving material across the surface of the cell

49
Q

microtubules examples

A

cilia
flagella
centrioles

50
Q

mitochondria structure

A

consist of cristae
consist of mitochondrial matrix
produce ATP

51
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. when coiling becomes tighter as cells are preparing to divide, structures called chromosomes become apparent. Consists of two sister chromatids attached at a single point the centromere.

52
Q

chromatin

A

loosely coiled DNA in non dividing cells

53
Q

kinetochore

A

area of the centromere where spindle fibers attach during mitosis

54
Q

golgi apparatus

A

synthesis and packaging of secretions
packaging of enzymes (modifies protein)
renewal and modification of the plasmalemma

55
Q

autolysis

A

when lysosomes rupture, killing the entire cell

Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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