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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Surgical Anatomy:

A

• Studies anatomical landmarks important for

surgical procedures

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2
Q

• Radiographic Anatomy:

A

• The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body

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3
Q

• Cross-sectional Anatomy:

A

• The use of radiographic techniques (CT, MRI, and

spiral scans) to look at cross sections of the body

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4
Q

• Developmental Anatomy:

A

• Examines structural changes over time

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5
Q

• Embryology:

A

• The study of early developmental stages

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6
Q

• Comparative Anatomy:

A

• Considers anatomical similarities and differences

in different types of animals

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7
Q

• Clinical Anatomy:

A

• Focuses on pathological changes during illness

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8
Q

levels of organization

A 
chemical molecular --->
cell--->
tissue--->
organ--->
organ system--->
organism
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9
Q

4 chemicals make up 99% of body

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen

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10
Q

major classes of compounds

A

proteins
lipids
water
carbohydrates

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11
Q

• Cell

A
  • The smallest living unit in the body

* Consists or organelles

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12
Q

• Tissue

A

• Many cells and some surrounding material
• Such as: epithelial, muscular, neural, and
connective tissue

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13
Q

• Organ

A
  • Combination of tissues

* For example: the heart consists of epithelial, muscular, neural and connective tissues

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14
Q

• Organ System

A

• Combination of various organs make up a specific
system
• For example: the stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up
the digestive system
• The heart and blood vessels make up the
cardiovascular system
• Humans are composed of 11 organ systems

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15
Q

integumentary system

A

protection from environmental hazards and temp control

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16
Q

skeletal system

A

support and structure, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation

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17
Q

muscular system

A

locomotion, support, heat production

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18
Q

nervous system

A

directing immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the other organ systems

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems

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20
Q

cardiovascular system

A

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients wastes and gases

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

defense against infection and disease

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22
Q

respiratory system

A

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

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23
Q

digestive system

A

processing of food and absorption of minerals, vitamins organic nutrients and water

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24
Q

urinary system

A

elimination of excess water, salts and waste products, control of pH

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25
Q

reproductive system

A

production of sex cells and hormones

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26
Q

differentiation

A

becoming specialized to perform particular functions

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27
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in the body

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28
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of complex molecules

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29
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of complex molecules

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30
Q

nails

A

protect and stiffen distal tips of digits

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31
Q

bone marrow

A

primary site of blood cell production (red marrow)

storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)

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32
Q

skeletal muscles

A

Provide skeletal movement; control
entrances to digestive and respiratory
tracts and exits to digestive and urinary
tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues

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33
Q

axial muscles

A

support and position axial skeleton

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34
Q

appendicular muscles

A

support, move and brace limbs

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35
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Acts as control center for nervous system;
processes information; provides short-term
control over activities of other systems

36
Q

brain

A

Performs complex integrative functions;

controls both voluntary and autonomic activities

37
Q

spinal chord

A

Relays information to and from brain;

performs less-complex integrative activities

38
Q

special senses

A

Provide sensory input to the brain

relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

39
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Links CNS with other systems and with

sense organs

40
Q

Pineal gland

A

may control timing of reproduction and set day night rythyms

41
Q

Pituitary gland

A

controls other endocrine glands: regulates growth and fluid balance

42
Q

thyroid gland

A

controls tissue metabolic rate, regulates calcium levels

43
Q

parathyroid gland

A

regulates calcium levels (with thyroid)

44
Q

Thymus

A

controls maturation of lymphocytes

45
Q

Suprarenal gland

A

adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity

46
Q

Kidneys

A

Control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure

47
Q

Pancreas endocrine

A

regulates blood glucose levels

48
Q

Gonads

A

testes: support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions
ovaries: support female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions

49
Q

Heart

A

propels blood, maintains blood pressure

50
Q

arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to the capillaries

51
Q

capillaries

A

permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

52
Q

veins

A

return blood from capillaries to the heart

53
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph (water and proteins) and
lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to
veins of the cardiovascular system

54
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Monitor the composition of lymph; engulf

pathogens; stimulate immune response

55
Q

Spleen

A

Monitors circulating blood; engulfs
pathogens and recycles red blood cells;
stimulates immune response

56
Q

Thymus

A 
Controls development and maintenance
of one class of lymphocytes (T cells)
57
Q

pharynx respiratory

A

conducts air to larynx, a chamber shared with digestive tract

58
Q

larynx

A

protects opening to trachea and contains vocal chords

59
Q

trachea

A

Filters air, traps particles in mucus, conducts

air to lungs; cartilages keep airway open

60
Q

bronchii

A

Same functions as trachea; diameter

decreases as branching occurs

61
Q

Lungs

A

Responsible for air movement during

movement of ribs and diaphragm; include airways and alveoli

62
Q

alveoli

A

Blind pockets at the end of the smallest
branches of the bronchioles; sites of gas
exchange between air and blood

63
Q

salivary glands

A

Provide buffers and lubrication; produce

enzymes that begin digestion

64
Q

pharynx digestive

A

Conducts solid food and liquids to
esophagus; chamber shared with
respiratory tract

65
Q

small intestine

A

Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and

hormones; absorbs nutrients

66
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile; regulates nutrient

composition of blood

67
Q

gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile for release

into small intestine

68
Q

Pancreas digestive

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers;

contains endocrine cells

69
Q

large intestine

A

Removes water from fecal material; stores

wastes

70
Q

Kidneys urinary

A

Form and concentrate urine; regulate
blood pH and ion concentrations;
perform endocrine functions

71
Q

urinary bladder

A

Stores urine for eventual elimination

72
Q

Epididymis

A

Acts as site of sperm maturation

73
Q

ductus deferens

A

Conducts sperm from the epididymis and

merges with the duct of the seminal gland

74
Q

seminal glands

A

Secrete fluid that makes up much of the

volume of semen

75
Q

prostate gland

A

Secretes fluid and enzymes

76
Q

scrotum

A

Surrounds the testes and controls their

temperature

77
Q

uterine tubes

A

Deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus; normal

site of fertilization

78
Q

uterus

A

Site of embryonic development and
exchange between maternal and fetal
bloodstreams

79
Q

labia

A

Contain glands that lubricate entrance to

vagina

80
Q

supine

A

lying down face up in the anatomical position

81
Q

prone

A

lying down face down in the anatomical position

82
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
83
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A
  • Epigastric
  • Right hypochondriac
  • Left hypochondriac
  • Umbilical
  • Right lumbar
  • Left lumbar
  • Hypogastric
  • Right inguinal
  • Left inguinal
84
Q

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder,
right kidney, portions of stomach,
small and large intestine

85
Q

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

Left lobe of liver, stomach,
pancreas, left kidney, spleen,
portions of large intestine

86
Q

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A 
Cecum, appendix, and
portions of small intestine,
reproductive organs (right
ovary in female and right
spermatic cord in male),
and right ureter
87
Q

left lower quadrant

A 
Most of small intestine and
portions of large intestine,
left ureter, and reproductive
organs (left ovary in female
and left spermatic cord
in male)

Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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