(Chapter 2) Leading & Communicating in the Workplace Flashcards
What are trait theories?
Trait theories maintain that effective leaders share common traits, beliefs, and thought processes.
Define Autocratic Leadership
make decisions with little/no input from their subordinates - dictate what needs to be done and how to do it.
What is the benefit of autocratic leadership?
useful when quick decisions are needed but input is not.
Define democratic leadership
offer guidance to the team but allow team members to provide input before making a decision
What is the benefit/difficulty of democratic leadership?
It’s effective when team agreement matters, it can be challenging with individual perspectives and ideas clash
Define laissez-faire leadership
allows team members to make many decisions on their own
What kind of team functions best with laissez faire leadership?
Laissez faire leadership works best with the team is skilled, motivated, and does not need close supervision.
What are the five forms of power, identified by John French and Bertram Raven
legitimate, reward, coercive (all positional power) & expert, referent (charisma types)
What type of power is considered more effective?
Personal power (expert or referent) specifically expert
What is situational leadership
the ability for leaders to adapt their leadership style to the needs of the individual, team, organization
What are the four types of leadership acknowledged by situational leadership
directing, coaching, supporting, delegating
which style (directing, coaching, supporting, or delegating) is best for employees who are competent but are not fully committed to the role or organization
supporting
which style (directing, coaching, supporting, or delegating) is best for employees who are new to their role or organization and not yet knowledgable; but are highly committed and excited about tasks
directing
which style (directing, coaching, supporting, or delegating) is best for employees who have begun to develop their skill set, though training and guidance are still needed
coaching
Explain expectancy theory
individuals are motivated by their perceived expected outcome; if an individual thinks there will be a positive reward, they are more likely to perform. the verso is also true.
what is bureaucratic leadership, and when is it best used
follows rules closely and expects the same of their team members - best for when working in dangerous conditions (operating heavy machinery, etc)
what is charismatic leadership and what is a downside
style seeks to inspire and motivate team members. However, leaders that rely on charisma often focus on themselves and their ambitions more than the organization. Also, they may seem infallible which may damage the organization if inapropriate decisions are made
What is a servant leader and some pros and cons?
leads by meeting needs of the team. pros: lead by example, lead with integrity, foster a positive culture and high morale. cons: requires time and dedication, not compatable with more rigid types of leadership
what are transformational leaders?
expect individuals to meet their potential and take personal responsibility for their own actions; inspirational and set clear goals and are able to resolve conflict
what is a psychological contract
refers to a set of expectations that are established between two parties (employers, managers, employees, coworkers) - breaking a psychological contract can lead to disengagement and turnover as the parties experience a loss of trust
What are the four developmental sequences of a group?
forming, storming, norming, performing
what is relationship conflict?
describes the natural conflict btwn individuals that affects how employees work together, and the social issues surrounding interactions
what is task conflict?
when parties disagree about the content or outcome of tasks, procedures, or goals - focuses on “what” should be done
what is process conflict?
disagreement over HOW task is accomplished
what is principled bargaining?
happens when both sides focus on objective outcomes, eliminating emotional disagreements or grandstandings. Elements include: separating emotions from the problem, focusing on interests rather than positions, looking for options that include mutual gains, and using objective criteria
Which form of conflict resolution focuses on meeting the needs of both parties?
collaborating
which form of conflict resolution results in both sides losing?
avoiding
what is the outcome of “compromising” conflict resolution
both sides win a little, lose a little
what is “competing” style of conflict resolution
each side pursues their own interests, focusing on short term gains - used when they need to act quickly or theres no room to negotiate
what is a high context culture?
a culture where there are many unwritten rules; norms may not be clearly articulated, people may rely more on body language and emotions may not be openly expressed
what is the power distance index of culture difference?
the extent that inequality in power is accepted
what is individualism vs collectivism
to what degree individuals are reliant on or obligated to others
what is uncertainty avoidance
to what extent uncertainty and risk are accepted
what is masculinity vs feminity (i have some qualms with this one but whatever)
attitude toward gender equality - a “masculine culture” has distinct gender roles, a “feminine culture” is more fluid
what is short term vs long term orientation (culture)
how much a culture views future rewards versus present gratification
what is indulgence versus restraint (culture)
the degree to which a culture controls or regulates gratification
what is internal vs external direction in a culture?
internal direction - individuals believe they can control their environment; external - individuals believe they work with the environment they are given
what is universalism vs particularlism
universal - focuses on consistent rules for all, particular - focuses on relationships and embraces decisions based on nepotism
what is specific vs diffuse in culture
specific - work and home are kept separate, in diffuse - these two parts of life are connected
what is neutral vs affective culture
neutral - people conceal emotions, affective - people are emotionall demonstrative, even in the workplace
achievement vs ascription cultures
achievement culture - individuals gain status through knowledge and skills - ascription - individuals have status based on predetermined position or connections
what are schein’s three levels of organizational culture?
artifacts, values, and basic assumptions
what is an expatriate
employees living outside their home countries
