Chapter 2 - Knowing Oneself

Question 1

• is the time when young people start to ask questions about themselves, about their future, and even about their religious and political beliefs
• the young person grapples with his or her identity

Answer 1

Adolescence

Question 2

• is the first step in personal development

Answer 2

To know oneself

Question 3

• It is believed that the words ___ ____ which were written at the entry of the oracle at Delphi by a group made up of 7 Greek philosophers, statesmen, and lawgivers, eventually became the cornerstone of Western philosophy

Answer 3

Know Thyself

Question 4

• he said that it seems ridiculous for him to investigate other unimportant things when he has not known his self yet
• for him the most important thing to pursue was self-knowledge

Answer 4

Socrates

Question 5

• is the beginning of true knowledge according to Socrates

Answer 5

admitting one’s ignorance

Question 6

• student of Socrates, for him the essence of knowledge is self-knowledge

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

• ancient Hindi writings

- confirmed, “Enquiry into the truth of the ‘self’ is knowledge.”

Answer 7

Upanishads

Question 8

• Persian poet

- ruminated, “Who am I in the midst of all this thought traffic?

Answer 8

Rumi

Question 9

• American poet

- celebrated his “self” as “simple, separate person”

Answer 9

Walt Whitman

Question 10

• it is the being, which is the source of a person’s consciousness
• the agent responsible for an individual’s thought and actions
• is an intangible entity that directs a person’s thoughts and actions
• outside the physical realm of the person
• the cognitive and affective representation of one’s identity, it is then described in terms of human characteristics such as behavior and thought

Answer 10

Self

Question 11

• in this context, “self” is the essence of a person: his thoughts, feelings and actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles, and relationships

Answer 11

In Psychology

Question 12

• in this context, “self” includes a person’s life purpose, meaning, aspirations, and one’s relationship with a higher being

Answer 12

In Religion

Question 13

• in this context, “self” is defined by the roles we take when we relate with others, such as being your parents’ child, being a classmate, a friend, or a teammate

Answer 13

In Sociology

Question 14

• the set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that identifies an individual
• usually described in behavioral terms that are observable and measurable
• refers to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual
• a complex combination of genes, environmental exposure, and experiences, and cultural backgrounds
• comprises traits, motives, thoughts, self-concept, and feelings

Answer 14

Personality

Question 15

2 Key Characteristics of Personality

Answer 15

1. the uniqueness of an individual’s thought, feelings, and behavior
2. being relatively enduring, or being consistent, over different situation sand over time

Question 16

• is more likely to mean most of the time but not all the time

Answer 16

Consistency

Question 17

• he defines personality as a pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits that determines an individual’s characteristics, behavior, and traits

Answer 17

Gordon Allport

Question 18

• heredity or genetic makeup

- there is no single gene that creates a trait

Answer 18

Nature

Question 19

• environment

Answer 19

Nurture

Question 20

2 examples of cross-cultural traits

Answer 20

1. Agreeableness

2. Openness to experiences

Question 21

• exhibit strong “interpersonal relatedness”

Answer 21

Asians

Question 22

• look at their behavior and its impact on their personal goals

Answer 22

Westerners

Question 23

• is an approach in identifying types of personalities based on certain traits or attributes, which vary from one person to the other
• was developed over the past 60 years

Answer 23

Trait Theory

Question 24

• started the trait theory in 1949

Answer 24

D. W. Fiske

Question 25

later pursuers of the trait theory (6)

Answer 25

1. Norman (1967)
2. Smith (1967)
3. Goldberg (1981)
4. McCrae and Costa (1987)
5. K. Cherry (2018)
6. John, Naumann, and Soto (2008)

Question 26

• 2 psychologists who developed a categorized scheme that described personality
• they discovered the existence of five universal and widely agreed-upon dimensions of personality called the Big Five or Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)

Answer 26

Costa and McCrae (1996)

Question 27

OCEAN

Answer 27

1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Question 28

• self you aspire to be

Answer 28

Ideal self

Question 29

• “you”

Answer 29

Actual self

Question 30

• own thoughts, beliefs, and other mental states

Answer 30

Self-knowledge

Question 31

• curious, interested to new ideas; imaginative and creative

Answer 31

Openness to experience

Question 32

• planning, organizing, hardworking, controlling, persevering and punctual

Answer 32

Conscientiousness

Question 33

• sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, and fun-loving

Answer 33

Extraversion

Question 34

• friendly, warm, trusting, generous, and kind-hearted

Answer 34

Agreeableness

Question 35

• calm, relaxed, and comfortable

Answer 35

Neuroticism

Question 36

• is a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way

Answer 36

Personality trait

Question 37

Tests to measure personality (3)

Answer 37

1. Rorschach Inkblot Test
2. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
3. Keirsey Temperament Sorter

Question 38

• popular personality test
• based on 4 preferences of individuals
• developed by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers
• produces 16 types of combinations of personality types

Answer 38

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 39

2 developers of MBTI

Answer 39

1. Katherine Briggs

2. Isabel Briggs Myers

Question 40

4 preferenced of individuals in MBTI

Answer 40

1. Extraversion or Introversion
2. Sensing or Intuition
3. Thinking or Feeling
4. Judgment or Perception

Question 41

• how an individual prefers to channel his or her energy when dealing with people, whether inward or outward

Answer 41

Extraversion or Introversion

Question 42

• how one prefers to process information, whether through the use of senses such as being able to describe what one sees, or intuitively like dealing with others

Answer 42

Sensing or Intuition

Question 43

• how an individual prefers to make decisions, either thinking or using logic and analysis, or feeling which uses the cognitive senses based on value or beliefs

Answer 43

Thinking or Feeling

Question 44

• how an individual prefers to manage one’s life, whether through judging, which means a planned and organized life, versus perception, which has a more flexible approach to living

Answer 44

Judgment or Perception