Chapter 2 Key Terms: Different Ways of Learning Flashcards
Accelerated Program
The more rapid promotion of gifted students through school
Advanced Placement (AP)
A curriculum that offers college-level courses to high-school students. Students who score high enough on a qualifying exam can earn college credit
Appropriate Education
A part of Public Law 94-142 that protects the right of students with disabilities to an education that reflects an accurate diagnosis
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with one’s existing beliefs
Carol Dweck
Standford professor who deals with fixed and growth mindset theories
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
A new human dimension that measures personality characteristics, such as persistence. Some believe that EQ scores may be better predictors of future success that IQ scores.
Exceptional Learners
Studetns who require special education and related services to realize their full potential. Categories of exceptionality include mentally challenged, gifted, learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and physically disabled
Fixed Mindset
A theory developed by Carol Dweck that views intelligence as finite, determined at birth, and unchangeable
Gender Similarities Hypothesis
A theory suggesting that males and females are more alike than different on most psychological and intellectual variables and therefore do not demonstrate gender-specific learning modalities that require unique teaching approaches
Howard Gardner
A Harvard psychologist who has worked to broaden the concept of intelligence and developed the theory of multiple intelligences
Giftedness
A term describing individuals with exceptional ability. The National Association for Gifted Children defines five elements of giftedness: artistic and creative talents, intellectual and academic abilities, and leadership skills. There, however, continues to be great variance in definitions of the gifted
Daniel Goleman
A psychologist and author who deals with the theory of Emotional Intelligence Quotient. He wrote “Emotional Intelligence” which suggests that EQ taps into the heart as well as the head
Growth Mindset
A theory developed by Carol Dweck that views intelligence as developing throughout an individual’s life.
Inclusion
The practice of educating and integrating children with disabilities into regular classroom settings
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
The mechanism through which a disabled child’s special needs are identified, objectives and services are described, and evaluation is designed
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
A federal law passed in 1990 that extends full education services and provisions to people identified with disabilities
International Baccalaureate (IB)
An internationally recognized curriculum fo students ages 3-19 that includes rigorous science, math, and foreign language requirements along with diverse cultural studies. The IB program is designed to develop the intellectual, emotional, and social skills students need to learn, live, and work in our increasingly connected globalizing world.
Learning Disability
An educationally significant language and/or learning deficit
Learning Styles
visual, auditory, kinesthetic, linguistic, logical, social, and solitary learning
Least restrictive environment
The program best suited to meeting a disabled student’s special needs without segregating the student from the regular educational program
Mainstreaming
The inclusion of special education in the regular education program. The nature and extent of this inclusion should be based on meeting the special needs of the child
Metacognition
The awareness of one’s own learning processes and the ability to monitor one’s understanding
Motivation
Students are more motivated in school or any learning environment when they feel that they belong. They feel belonging and motivation to learn when schools are a place they can bring their whole selves, including their goals, interests, and values: see themselves as competent learners; and feel safe and valued
Multiple Intelligences
A theory developed by Howard Gardner to expand the concept of human intelligence to include such areas as logical-mathematical, linguistic, bodily kinesthetic, musical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
Neuroplasticity
The ability of our brain to change itself and create new neural pathways
Nondiscriminatory Education
A principle based on the fifth and fourteenth amendments of the U.S Constitution, that mandates that children with disabilities be fairly assessed so that they can be protected from inappropriate classification and tracking
Prior Knowledge
The knowledge and misconceptions that students bring to the learning environment. Students learn more when teachers actively build on students’ knowledge and address any misconceptions students have
Procedural Due Process
The right of children with disabilities and their parents to be notified of school actions and decisions; to challenge those decisions before and impartial tribunal, using counsel and expert witnesses; to examine the shcool records on which a decision is based; and to appeal whatever decision is reached
Regular Education Initiative
The attempt to reduce the complications and expense of segregated special education efforts by teaching special needs students in the standard educational program through collaborative consultation, curricular modifications, and environment adaptations
Social and Emotional Learning
The process through which people understand and manage their emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions.
Special Education
Programs and instruction for children with physical, mental, emotional, or learning disabilities or gifted students who need special educational services to achieve at their ability level
Transfer
The ability to apply what one learns in a context to another context or problem. Understanding key concepts and organizing them into a conceptual framework, rather that memorizing facts of thinking of concepts in terms of only one context, helps build students’ ability to transfer their learning to new contexts and problems
Zero Reject
The principle that no child with disabilities may be denied a free and appropriate public education
