Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
molecule produced when adenosine triphosphate loses a terminal phosphate
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
hydropolysis of ADP cleaves the second phosphate group which yields AMP
adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
an enzyme that catalyzes the release of the terminal phosphate group of adenosine 5-triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
organic molecule that stores energy & releases energy, which may be used in cellular processes
adenylate kinease reaction
single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP. This reaction is particularly important because AMP, a product of the adenylate kinease reaction, is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis
aerobic
requiring molecular oxygen
aerobic glycolysis
it does not depend on oxygen. Pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough
allosteric activation
occurs when an “activator” binds with the enxyme & increases its turnover rate
allosteric inhibition
occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enxyme & decrease it s turnover rate & slows product formation
anabolism
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; anabolic metabolism
anaerobic
absence of molecular oxygen
anaerobic glycolysis
when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate, but it limited in duration
beta oxidation
chemical process that breaks fatty acids down into molecules of acetyl which combine with coenzyme A to enter the citric acid cycle
bioenergetics
the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, & fats, which contain chemical energy - into biologically usable forms of energy
branched-chain amino acids
the major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle
calcium ATPase
for pumping calcium inot the sarcoplamsic reticulum
catabolism
breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism
combination training
aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes
cori cycle
lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose
creatine kinase
an enzyme catalyzing hte reversible transfer of phosphate form phosphocreatine to adenosine diphosphate, forming creatine & adenosine triphosphate
creatine phosphate
muscle biochemical that stores energy
cytochrome
protein within the inner mitochondrial membraine that is an electron carrier in cellular respiration (electron transport chain)
electron transport chain (ETC)
series of oxidation-reduction reactiosn that take high-energy electron sform glycolysis & the citric acid cycle to form water & ATP
endergonic reaction
require energy & include anabolic processes & the contraction of muscle
energy
an ability to cuase something to move & thus do work
energy substrate
molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions, inlcuding phosphagens (ATP & creatine phosphate), glucose, glycogen, lactate, free fatty acids, & amino acids–can be selective depeleted during the performance of activities of various intensities & durations
excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition
exercise intensity
a level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power
exergonic reaction
are energy-releasing reactiosn & are generally catabolic
fast glycolysis
when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate, but is limited in duration
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as amino acids
glycogenolysis
the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
glycolysis
the energy-releasing breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration
hydrolysis
enzymatically adding a water molecule to split a molecule inot smaller portions
interval training
a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a mroe efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise & rest periods
