Chapter 2 Key Terms

Question 1

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 1

molecule produced when adenosine triphosphate loses a terminal phosphate

Question 2

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Answer 2

hydropolysis of ADP cleaves the second phosphate group which yields AMP

Question 3

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Answer 3

an enzyme that catalyzes the release of the terminal phosphate group of adenosine 5-triphosphate

Question 4

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 4

organic molecule that stores energy & releases energy, which may be used in cellular processes

Question 5

adenylate kinease reaction

Answer 5

single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP. This reaction is particularly important because AMP, a product of the adenylate kinease reaction, is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis

Question 6

aerobic

Answer 6

requiring molecular oxygen

Question 7

aerobic glycolysis

Answer 7

it does not depend on oxygen. Pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough

Question 8

allosteric activation

Answer 8

occurs when an “activator” binds with the enxyme & increases its turnover rate

Question 9

allosteric inhibition

Answer 9

occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enxyme & decrease it s turnover rate & slows product formation

Question 10

anabolism

Answer 10

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; anabolic metabolism

Question 11

anaerobic

Answer 11

absence of molecular oxygen

Question 12

anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 12

when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate, but it limited in duration

Question 13

beta oxidation

Answer 13

chemical process that breaks fatty acids down into molecules of acetyl which combine with coenzyme A to enter the citric acid cycle

Question 14

bioenergetics

Answer 14

the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, & fats, which contain chemical energy - into biologically usable forms of energy

Question 15

branched-chain amino acids

Answer 15

the major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle

Question 16

calcium ATPase

Answer 16

for pumping calcium inot the sarcoplamsic reticulum

Question 17

catabolism

Answer 17

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism

Question 18

combination training

Answer 18

aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes

Question 19

cori cycle

Answer 19

lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose

Question 20

creatine kinase

Answer 20

an enzyme catalyzing hte reversible transfer of phosphate form phosphocreatine to adenosine diphosphate, forming creatine & adenosine triphosphate

Question 21

creatine phosphate

Answer 21

muscle biochemical that stores energy

Question 22

cytochrome

Answer 22

protein within the inner mitochondrial membraine that is an electron carrier in cellular respiration (electron transport chain)

Question 23

electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 23

series of oxidation-reduction reactiosn that take high-energy electron sform glycolysis & the citric acid cycle to form water & ATP

Question 24

endergonic reaction

Answer 24

require energy & include anabolic processes & the contraction of muscle

Question 25

energy

Answer 25

an ability to cuase something to move & thus do work

Question 26

energy substrate

Answer 26

molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions, inlcuding phosphagens (ATP & creatine phosphate), glucose, glycogen, lactate, free fatty acids, & amino acids–can be selective depeleted during the performance of activities of various intensities & durations

Question 27

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 27

is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition

Question 28

exercise intensity

Answer 28

a level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power

Question 29

exergonic reaction

Answer 29

are energy-releasing reactiosn & are generally catabolic

Question 30

fast glycolysis

Answer 30

when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate, but is limited in duration

Question 31

gluconeogenesis

Answer 31

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as amino acids

Question 32

glycogenolysis

Answer 32

the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

Question 33

glycolysis

Answer 33

the energy-releasing breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration

Question 34

hydrolysis

Answer 34

enzymatically adding a water molecule to split a molecule inot smaller portions

Question 35

interval training

Answer 35

a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a mroe efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise & rest periods