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CSCS Exam Study Guide > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

A-band

A

muscle striation containing myosin filaments; appears dark under light microscope & light in polarized light

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that stimulates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, at the motor endplates of skeletal muscle, & in the central nervous system as well as muscarinic receptors in smooth myscle, in exocrine glands & int he central nervous system

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3
Q

actin

A

one of the protein components into which actomyosin can split

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4
Q

action potential

A

sequence of electrical changes that occurs in a portion of a nerve cell membrane that is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds the membrane’s threshold

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5
Q

all-or-none principle

A

theroy that when a muscle contracts completely or not at all

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6
Q

alveolar pressure

A

is the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open & no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

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7
Q

alveoli

A

1 - one of the terminal secretory portions of an alveolar or racemose gland.
2 - one of the honeycomb pits in the wall of the stomach

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8
Q

aortic valve

A

the valve between the left ventricle & the ascending aorta, consisting of three fibrous semilunar cusps (valvules)

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9
Q

arterial system

A

which carries blood away from the heart

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10
Q

arteriole

A

a minute artery with a tunica media comprising only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

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11
Q

artery

A

thick-walled, muscular blood vessel conveying blood away fromt eh heart & pulsating with each heartbeat. with the exception of the pulmonary & umbilical arteries, the arteries convey red or oxygenated blood

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12
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

group of specialized fibers that conducts impulses from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle of the heart

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13
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

specialized mass of cardiac muscle fiibers located in the interatrial septum of the heart; transmits cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node to the A-V bundle

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14
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

cardiac valve located between an atrium & a ventricle

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15
Q

atrium

A

chamber of the heart that recieves blood from veins

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16
Q

bone periosteum

A

a specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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17
Q

bradycardia

A

slowness of the heartbeat, usually a rate less than 60 beats per minute

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18
Q

bronchi

A

one of the two subdivisions of the trachae serving to convey air to & from the lungs

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19
Q

bronchiole

A

small brnach of a bronchus within the lung

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20
Q

capillary

A

a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole & a venule

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21
Q

cross-bridges

A

globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals

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22
Q

depolarization

A

the loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a cell membrane

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23
Q

diastole

A

phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes

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24
Q

diffusion

A

random movment of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration

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25
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk or origin; opposite of proximal

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26
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

recording of the electrical activity associated with the heartbeat

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27
Q

endomysium

A

sheath of connective tissue surroundign each skeletal muscle fiber

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28
Q

epimysium

A

outer sheath of connective tissue surroundign a skeletal muscle

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29
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

served by axons of the alpha motor neurons (serve multiple muscle fibers); contraction of these muscle provides movement

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30
Q

fasciculus

A

small bundle of muscle fibers

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31
Q

fast-twitch fiber

A

histologically distinct skeletal muscle fibers that generate energy rapidly & are active in quick, powerful actions

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32
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A

sensory receptors in tendons close to muscle attachments that are involved in reflexes that help maintian posture

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33
Q

heart

A

a hollow chmabered muscular organ that recieves the blood from the veins & propels it inot the arteries

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34
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells

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35
Q

H-Zone

A

the area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

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36
Q

I Band

A

a light band on each side of the Z line of striated muscle fibers, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin filaments are not overlapped by thick filaments

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37
Q

inferior

A

situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part

38
Q

insertion

A

end of a muscle attached to a movable part

39
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

specialized sensory organs served by 2 axons, one sensory & one motor

40
Q

mitral valve

A

heart valve located between the left atrium & the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

41
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron that transmits impulses form the central nervous system to an effector

42
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron & its associated muscle fibers

43
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

44
Q

muscle spindle

A

modified skeletal muscle fiber that can respond to changes in muscle length

45
Q

myocardium

A

muscle tissue of the heart

46
Q

myofibril

A

contractile fiebrs within muscle cells

47
Q

myofilament

A

the ultramicroscopic threads of filamentous proteins making up myofibrils in striated muscle

48
Q

myosin

A

protein that, with actin, contracts & relaxes muscle fibers

49
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neuron & a skeletal muscle fiber

50
Q

origin

A

end of a muscle that attaches to a relativley immovable part

51
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that sends motor signals to glandular smooth muscle, & cardiac tissue, during recovery from threat

52
Q

perimysium

A

sheath of connective that encloses a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers or a fascicle

53
Q

pleura

A

the serous membrane envelopign the lungs & lining the walls of the pleural cavity

54
Q

pleural pressure

A

is the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura & the chest wall pleura

55
Q

proprioceptor

A

nerve ending that senses changes in muscle or tendon tension

56
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk or origin; opposite of distal

57
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve leading from the right ventricle ot the pulmonary trunk (artery); pulmonary semilunar valve

58
Q

purkinje fibers

A

specialized muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the A-V bundle into the ventricular walls

59
Q

P Wave

A

waveform in an electrocardiographic tracing representign arterial depolarization

60
Q

QRS complex

A

segment is ventricular depolarization

61
Q

recruitment

A

increase in number of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases

62
Q

red blood cell

A

disc-shaped cell, lacking a nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin; erythrocyte

63
Q

repolarization

A

returning the cell membrane potential to resting potential

64
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

65
Q

sarcomere

A

structural & functional unit of a myofibril

66
Q

sarcopenia

A

progressive reduction in muscle cross-section & mass with aging

67
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm within a muscle fiber

68
Q

semilunar valve

A

a heart valve composed of a set of three semilunar cups (valvules); hence, both the aortic & pulmonary vlaves are semilunar valves

69
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

specialized tissue in the wall of the right artrium that initiates cardiac cucles; the pacemaker

70
Q

sliding-filamnet theory

A

muscles contract when the thin (actin) & thick (myosin) filaments move past each other, shortening the skeletal muscle cells

71
Q

slow-twitch fiber

A

develop force & relax slowly & have a long twitch time

72
Q

superior

A

structure higher than another structure

73
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic & lumbar regions of the spinal cord

74
Q

systole

A

phase of the cardiac cycle duirng a heart chamber wall contracts

75
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid heartbeat

76
Q

tendon

A

cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone

77
Q

tetanus

A

a stimuli may be delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge & eventually completely fuse

78
Q

trahea

A

tubular organ that leads from the larynx to the bronchi

79
Q

triad

A

group of three things

80
Q

tricuspid vlave

A

heart valve located between the right artrium & the right ventricle

81
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein that blocks muscle contraction until calcium ions are present

82
Q

Troponin

A

protein that functions with tropomyosin to block muscle contraction until calcium ions are present

83
Q

T-tubule

A

the transverse tubule that passes from the sarcolemma across a myofibril of striated muscle; it is the intermediate tubule of the triad

84
Q

T-Wave

A

the next deflection in the electrocardiogram after the QRS complex; represents ventricular repolarization

85
Q

twitch

A

brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation

86
Q

type I fiber

A

slow twitch

87
Q

type IIa fiber

A

fast twitch

88
Q

type IIb fiber

A

fast twitch

89
Q

vein

A

vessel that carries blood toward the heart

90
Q

venous sytem

A

returns blood toward the heart

91
Q

venule

A

vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein

92
Q

Z-line

A

a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofibrils & serving as teh anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere

CSCS Exam Study Guide (2 decks)

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