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Geol-1401 > Chapter 2 - Journey to the Center of the Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Journey to the Center of the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

What is Oort Cloud?

A

leftovers of the protoplanetary disk from which the solar system formed

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2
Q

What is Heliosphere?

A

the region of space, encompassing the solar system, in which the solar wind has a significant influence.

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3
Q

What is Kuiper belt?

A

a region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune, believed to contain many comets, asteroids, and other small bodies made largely of ice.

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4
Q

What is an AU?

A

Astronomical Unit. Distance between the erth and the Sun, or 93 million miles.

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5
Q

Asteroid is?

A

Small bodies of solid rock or metal that orbit the sun.

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6
Q

Comet is?

A

icy planetesimal whose highly elliptical orbit brings it sufficiently close to the Sun that, during part of its journey, the comet evaporates and releases gas and dust to form a glowing tail.

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7
Q

Magnetic Field is?

A

region affected by the force emanating from a magnet. can attract or repel another magnet and cause charged particles to move.

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8
Q

Dipole is?

A

a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance.. Two poles, north and south pole.

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9
Q

Atmosphere is?

A

An envelope of gas consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 21% oxygen (O2) with minor amounts (1% total) of argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), neon, methane, ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Other planets have atmospheres but none are like Earth’s.

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10
Q

Atmosphere is abbreviated…

A

atm

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11
Q

We specify atmospheric pressure units with..

A

1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter, or 14.7 pounds per square inch.

Atmosphere and bar almost the same. 1 atm = 1.04 bars

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12
Q

four layers of atmosphere

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesophere, and thermosphere.

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13
Q

What protects the earth from solar wind, and cosmic rays?

A

The magnetic field

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14
Q

In addition to the Sun and Planets the Solar System contains..

A

moons, asteroids, comets and objects of the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud

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15
Q

Comets are composed of ice, whereas asteroids consist of..

A

rock or metal

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16
Q

Most atmospheric gas (n2 and O2) molecules are <

A

50km from the surface

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17
Q

Earths atmosphere is about

A

300 miles (480 kilometers) thick. But most of it is within 10 miles/16km

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18
Q

The Earth System is..

A

Components and complex interactions between them: The Atmosphere (gaseous envelope), Hydrosphere (surface and near-surface liquid water), Cryosphere (surface and near-surface ice and snow), Biosphere (great variety of living organisms), and the solid Earth.

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19
Q

Land (continents and islands) make up what percent of Earth?

A

30%

20
Q

The forces driving much of earths activity are?(e.g. atmosphere and oceans circulating, objects moving, inners rising, outers sinking into interior)

A

Heat inside the Earth, Gravity, Sun’s heat and light

21
Q

Sediment is…

A

materials such as sand and gravel, in which the grains are not stuck together

22
Q

Surface water covers what percent of Earth?

A

70%

23
Q

99.997% of the atmosphere lies below an elevation of

A

100 km

24
Q

Groundwater?

A

water that fills cracks and holes (pore) within rock and sediment under the land surface.

25
Q

Topography?

A

The variation in elevation of the land surface, defines plains, mountains and valleys

26
Q

Bathymetry?

A

Variation in elevation of the ocean floor, defines mid-ocean ridges, plains and deep ocean trenches.

27
Q

most of the sea floor lies between..

A

4 to 5 km deep

28
Q

Only four elements make up 91.2% of the Earth’s mass, what are they? What do the remaining 8.8% consist of?

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, and Magnesium. Remaining 8.8% consist of the other 88 elements.

29
Q

Carbon containing compounds that either occur in living organisms, or have characteristics that resemble compounds in living organisms, are called …..

A

Organic chemicals

30
Q

A solid, natural substance in which atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern is called…

A

A Mineral. A single coherent sample of a mineral that grew to its present shape is a crystal, whereas an irregularly shaped sample, or a fragment derived from a once-larger crystal or group of crystals, is a grain.

31
Q

A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern is called…

A

Glass

32
Q

Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains, and masses of natural glass, are called…

A

rocks

33
Q

What are three main groups of rocks?

A

(1) Igneous (Igneous rocks develop when hot molten (liquid) rock cools and freezes solid), (2) Sedimentary (Sedimentary rocks form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together, or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution. (3) Metamorphic rocks form when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to heat and pressure.

34
Q

Sediment…

A

An accumulation of loose mineral grains (grains that have not stuck together) is called sediment.

35
Q

Metals…

A

Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron, aluminum, copper, and tin) are called metals. In a metal, outer electrons are able to flow freely.

36
Q

An alloy…

A

is a mixture containing more than one type of metal atom.

37
Q

Melts…

A

form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid. Molten rock is a tpe of melt – geologist distinguish between magma, a molten rock beneath earths surface, and lava, molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth’s surface.

38
Q

Volatiles…

A

Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth’s surface are called volatiles.

39
Q

Most common minerals in the Earth contain..

A

Silica ( a compound of silicon and oxygen) mixed in varying proportions with other elements.

40
Q

Proportion of major elements making up the mass of the whole Earth,

A

Iron and Oxygen account for most of the mass. It’s 32.1% Iron, 30.1% Oxygen, 15.1% Silicon, 13.9% Magnesium, other 8.8%.

41
Q

Silicate rocks..

A

rocks composed of silicate minerals

42
Q

Four classes of igneous silicate rocks, in order from greatest to least proportion of silica to iron and magnesium. What are they…

A

Felsic (or silicic), intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic.

43
Q

As the proportion of silica in a rock increases, the density decreases. true or false

A

true

44
Q

Four rock types

A
  1. Granite, a felsic rock with large grains, 2, Gabbro, a mafic rock with large grains, 3. Basalt, a mafic rock with small grains, 4. Peridotite, an ultramafic rock with large grains.
45
Q

Felsic rocks are less dense than mafic rocks.. t or f..

A

t

46
Q

Surface elevations range from..

A

-11km to +8.8 km. Most land elevation is <1 km and most sea floor lies between -4 to -5 km.

47
Q

examples of common silicate rocks include…

A

granite, gabbro, basalt, and peridotite.

Geol-1401 (9 decks)

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