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Geol-1401 > Chapter 1 - Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Earth is one of several planets that orbits the…

A

sun

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2
Q

Our planet races around its orbit at a rate of…

A

67,000 mph (or 107,300 km/h)

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3
Q

What is the Solar System?

A

It’s composed of the Sun, planets, moons and countless other small objects held together by the “glue” of gravitational attraction.

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4
Q

How do you define a Planet?

A

object that orbits a star, is spherical, and has “cleared its neighborhood of other objects

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5
Q

What is a Moon?

A

sizable body locked in orbit around a planet

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6
Q

What accounts for 99.8% of the mass in the solar system?

A

The Sun

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7
Q

.2% of the mass in the solar system is comprised of?

A

A variety of objects, mainly planets.

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8
Q

Terrestrial planets are…

A

Inner planets (mercury, venus, earth and mars) the ones closer to the sun and relatively small. Consist of a hard shell of rock surrounding a ball of metallic iron alloy.

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9
Q

Gas-giant planets (or Jovian Planets) are…

A

Outer planets (jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune) their mass consists of gas and ice. (ice includes solid state of many materials besides water that could be gaseous under earths surface conditions)

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10
Q

Jupiter has a mass 318 times larger than that of..

A

Earth

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11
Q

Gravy

A

The force that one object exerts on another

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12
Q

Who explained gravity?

A

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

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13
Q

Geocentric Model

A

Earth sat without moving at the center of the universe, while moon and planets whirled around it within a globe of stars

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14
Q

Heliocentric Model

A

Sun lay at center of the universe with earth and other planets orbiting around it.

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15
Q

Who was responsible for geocentric model?

A

Ptolemy (100-170 CE)

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16
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) helped people to realize…

A

that earth orbits the sun and could not be at the center of the universe

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17
Q

Leon Foucault (1819-1868, middle nineteenth century) proved

A

the earth spins on its axis

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18
Q

earth’s wobble is known as..

A

a precession

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19
Q

Isaac Newton defined Force as…

A

simply a push or pull that causes velocity (speed) of an object to change in magnitude and/or direction

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20
Q

Two types of force?

A

First: when one mass (quantity of matter) moves and comes in contact with another. Mechanical force pushing something, wind forces a sail to move when it bllows. Second: non-contact force, or field force/force field. Gravity and magnetism includes.

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21
Q

Gravity is…

A

Force of attraction between two masses - what holds you to the surface of the Earth and pulls objects from higher elevations to lower ones.

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22
Q

Magnetism…

A

Force generated by electricity flowing in a wire or special materials called magnets. Can be attractive or repulsive.

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23
Q

Kuiper belt

A

a region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune, believed to contain many comets, asteroids, and other small bodies made largely of ice.

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24
Q

What is a planet?

A

Definition from 2006 states a planet is a celestial body that orbits the Sun, has a nearly spherical shape and has cleared its neighborhood of other objects. Last phrase means object either colided with and absorbed other objects in its orbit, has captured them to make them moons, or has gravitationally disturbed their orbits sufficiently to move them elsewhere.

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25
Q

Technically, only how many planets are actually planets ?

A

Eight planets discovered by 1846. Pluto and Eris are sometimes called “dwarf planets”

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26
Q

Stars are…

A

immense balls of incandescent gas in which nuclear fusion reactions produce intense heat and light

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27
Q

True or false. Our sun is a medium sized star

A

true

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28
Q

The milk Way galaxy is formed by…

A

The sun and over 300 billion stars

29
Q

More than 100 billion galaxies constitute the…

A

visible universe

30
Q

our solar system rotates around the center of the galaxy about once every

A

250 million years

31
Q

Where and by Who was the earths size determined?

A

Over 2k ya in Alexandria, by Eratosthenes, performing simple geometry and observing the suns rays at noon

32
Q

It’s how many miles to the sun?

A

93,000,000 miles

33
Q

How many miles to the moon?

A

237,100 miles

34
Q

A light year is?

A

The distance that light travels in one Earth year, equals about 6 trillion miles

35
Q

Nearest Galaxy to ours and distance away?

A

Andromeda. 2.2 Million light years away.

36
Q

Farthest celestial objects that can be seen with naked eye are less than…

A

3 million light years away

37
Q

Farthest visible universe (with powerful telescopes) that can be seen..

A

over 13 billion light years away

38
Q

The nearest star and its distance?

A

Alpha Centauri. 4.3 light years distance

39
Q

Matter is..

A

any material making up the universe

40
Q

Mass is..

A

the amount of matter in an object is its mass

41
Q

Density is..

A

The amount of mass within a given volume. Denser material contains more mass per unit volume

42
Q

Atom

A

Small piece of matter.

43
Q

Greek word Atomos means..

A

Indivisible

44
Q

Elements..

A

such as hydrogen and oxygen, CANNOT break down into other substances

45
Q

Compounds…

A

Such as water and salt CAN break down.

46
Q

Who adopted the word atom for smallest piece of an elemnt that has the property of the element?

A

John Dalton (1766-1844)

47
Q

The smallest piece of a compound that has the properties of the compound is a ..

A

molecule

48
Q

Who recognized groups of elements share similar characteristics and organized the elements into a chart that we now call the periodic table of elements?

A

Dmitri Mendelev (1834-1907)

49
Q

What is at the center of an atom?

A

Nucleus

50
Q

Nucleus contains what two types of sub atomic particles?

A
  1. neutrons (have neutral electrical charge) 2. Protons (have a positive charge)
51
Q

An electron has a

A

negative charge and only 1/1,836 as much amss as a proton

52
Q

Charge refers simplistically to

A

the way in which a particle responds to a magnet or electric current

53
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Roughly the sum of number of neutrons and number of protons

54
Q

What happens during fission?

A

Large nucleus breaks apart to form two smaller atoms. (fission generates energy in nuclear power plants and in the explosion of an atomic bomb)

55
Q

Separate atoms are held together to form molecules by…

A

chemical bonds

56
Q

Chemical bonds hold two hydrogen atoms to form an ___ molecule?

A

H2

57
Q

Two hydrogens plus an oxygen atom form..

A

H20, water.

58
Q

During a chemical reaction… what happens?

A

Chemical bonds break and/or form.

59
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

The distance between successive sound waves

60
Q

What is a frequency?

A

The number of waves that pass a point in a given time interval

61
Q

The Doppler effect is?

A

The change in frequency that happens when a wave source moves. Interpreted by Austrian Physicist C.J. Dopper (1803-1853

62
Q

Who was the Hubble Space Telescope named after?

A

Edwin Hubble in 1920s

63
Q

What are red shifts and blue shifts?

A

Red shifts are further away and blue shifts are closer.

64
Q

The Expanding Universe Theory

A

says that the Universe expands.

65
Q

Big Bang Theory?

A

all matter and energy, everything that now constitutes the Universe, was initially packed into an infinitesimally small point. Point exceeded and Universe began about 13.7 billion years ago.

66
Q

The farther the galaxy lies from the earth, the greater the ..

A

red shift it exhibits

67
Q

nebulae

A

A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases

68
Q

protostar

A

a contracting mass of gas that represents an early stage in the formation of a star, before nucleosynthesis has begun.

Geol-1401 (9 decks)

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