Chapter 2: Intercultural and Global Communication Flashcards
is defined as a community or population sufficiently large enough to be self-sustaining, that is large enough to produce new generations of members without relying on outside people
Culture
________ are created through communication
Cultures
generally compares the communication styles and patterns of people from very different cultural/social structures
Cross cultural communication
2 Types of Cultural Communication:
- Cross Cultural Communication
- Intercultural Communication
deals with how people from these social/cultural structures
speak to one another and what difficulties or differences they encounter, over and above the different languages they speak.
Intercultural Communication
Multiple _______ exist in one society or national group.
cultures
Multiple __________ coexist in a single society and talk amongst themselves as part of their conduct of membership.
social communities
In whatever situation whether there is a great or small difference in culture
we must avoid __________ or ______________.
ethnocentrism; ethnocentric bias
each culture is _________ and this difference must be accepted and respected.
different
Elements of culture into four categories:
- Symbols
- Rituals
- Values
- Heroes
refer to the verbal and nonverbal language.
Symbols
are socially essential collective activities within the culture.
Rituals
are the feelings not open for discussion within a culture about what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, normal or abnormal, which are present in a majority of the members of a culture.
Values
are real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture. They are commonly expressed through myths, which can be the
subject of novels and other forms of literature.
Heroes
Different dimensions of Culture under Cross-cultural Communication:
- Context
- Individualism or Collectivism
- Time
- Conflict
is something that is situated in our relationships in communication. Everything is
connected to this background context of relationships and other personal contexts of status, influence, and personal knowledge.
Context
focuses on placing a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or context
where speech and interaction take place. _________ spoken words are much less important than the rest of the context.
high context
is when the message itself is everything and it is much more important to have a well-structured argument or a well-delivered presentation than it is. People tend to separate their relationships from the messages and focus on details and logic.
low context
Relationship build slowly and depend on trust.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
high context
Relationship begin and end quickly.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
low context
Nonverbal elements are significant. Verbal messages are indirect and communication is seen as an art form or way of engaging someone.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
high context
Nonverbal elements are non significant. Verbal messages are explicit and communication is seen as a way exchanging information, ideals and opinions.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
low context
Space is communal.
People stand close to each other and share the same place
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
high context
Space is compartmentalized.
Privacy is important, so people stand farther apart.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
low context
Everything has its own time and not scheduled. Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
high context
Events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times. Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be spent or saved.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
low context
Multiple sources of information is used. Thinking proceeds from general to specific. Learning occurs by observing others.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
high context
One source of information is used.
Thinking proceeds from specific to general. Learning occurs by following the explicit directions and explanations of others.
High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture
low context
focuses on how people define themselves and their relationship with others.
Individualism/Collectivism
refers to togetherness.
Collectivism
building and maintaining good
relationship with others is more important than accomplishing the task.
Collectivism
suppresses their independent activities and individual aims for the group’s welfare.
Collectivism
refers to individuality.
Individualism
achieving the goal and finishing the task is more important than building relationship with others.
Individualism
Different societies’ attitudes toward time diverge as well.
Time
refers to the time system where schedules are made and are strictly followed. They
view time as a valuable commodity and punctuality as very important. People under this category
will usually arrive at an appointment a few minutes early as a symbol of respect for the person
they are meeting.
Monochronic
people like multitasking, and change plans often and easily. They do not hold time in the same
reverence and they have a much more relaxed attitude toward time.
Polychronic
in cultures can be distinguished according to their understanding of and approach to it, which involves real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, understandings, and viewpoints between people.
Conflict
Conflict can be differentiated into two cultural approaches:
- Conflict as Opportunity
- Conflict as Destructive
five styles of conflict management
- Dominating Style
- Integrating Style
- Compromising Style
- Obliging Style
- Avoiding Style
involves forcing one’s will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of negative relational consequences.
Dominating Style
necessitates a great deal of open discussion about the conflict and hand to reach
a solution that completely satisfies everyone involved.
Integrating Style
is making a compromise demands that everyone must give something up to
reach a solution.
Compromising Style
is giving up one’s position to satisfy another’s. Emphasizes areas of agreement than
disagreement.
Obliging Style
happens when people avoid the conflict entirely by failing to acknowledge its
existence or by withdrawing from a solution when it arises.
Avoiding Style
Five Value Dimensions that vary Across Cultures
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Masculinity vs. Feminism
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Task vs. Social Orientation
dimension describes cultures from loosely structured to
tightly integrated.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
the interest of the individual prevails over the interest of the group. Ties between individuals are loose. People look after themselves and their immediate families.
Individualist culture
the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual. People are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups that continue throughout a lifetime to
protect in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.
Collectivist culture
dimension describes how a
culture’s dominant values are assertive and nurturing.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
are labeled as someone that strives for the maximal distinction between what women and men are expected
to do.
Masculine culture
Cultures that place high values on _____________ stress
assertiveness, competition, and material success.
masculine traits
are those that permit more overlapping social
roles for the sexes.
Culture that place high values on _______________ stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships, and
concern for the weak.
Feminine culture; feminine traits
dimension refers to the distribution of influence within the culture.
Power distance
It is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country
expect and accept that power is distributed unequally
Power distance
This dimension is believed to be learned in families at an early age.
Power distance
dimension refers to the extent to which
people in a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
In these cultures, such situations are avoided by maintaining strict
codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Cultures with ____________ are active, aggressive,
emotional, compulsive, security-seeking, and intolerant.
strong uncertainty avoidance
Cultures with ______________ are contemplative, less
aggressive, unemotional, relaxed, accepting of personal risks, and
relatively tolerant.
weak uncertainty avoidance
dimension refers to the end goal of a group of people within a communication setting.
Task vs. Social Orientation
focus on making the team competent, through training and the use of up-
to-date methods. Members are highly concerned with individual success: advancing to more responsible jobs, better training, and so on.
Task-oriented societies
focus more on collective concerns: cooperative problem-solving, a friendly atmosphere, and good physical working conditions.
Social-oriented societies
Certain ___________ are important factors in talking about society and cultural identity.
geographical locations,
nations,
races,
and regions
are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist
Prejudice and Racism
includes threats or verbal slurs directed against specific groups or physical acts such as burning crosses or spray-painting on public and private
property.
Hate speech
refers to the labeling and degrading of cultures and subgroups outside
of one’s own. Indigenous groups, women, lesbians and gay men, and ethnic
groups have been “ot*er**” by other groups in language.
Othering
The main personality traits that affect intercultural communication are self-concept, self-disclosure, self-
monitoring, and social relaxation.
Personality Strength
PERSONALITY STRENGTH. The main personality traits that affect intercultural communication are?
- Self-concept
- Self-disclosure
- Self-monitoring
- Self-relaxation
refers to the way in which a person views the self.
Self-concept
refers to the willingness of individuals to openly and
appropriately reveal information about themselves to their counterparts.
Self-disclosure
refers to using social comparison information to control and modify your self-presentation and expressive behavior.
Self-monitoring
is the ability to reveal little anxiety in communication.
Self-relaxation
Intercultural communication skills require
message skills, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, and social
skills.
Communication Skills
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Intercultural communication skills require?
- Message Skills
- Behavioral Flexibility
- Interaction Management
- Social Skills
are the ability to understand and use language and feedback.
Message Skills
is the ability to select an appropriate behavior in
diverse contexts.
Behavioral Flexibility
emphasizes a person’s other-oriented ability to
interact.
Interaction Management
are empathy and identity maintenance.
Social Skills
is the ability to
think the same thoughts and feel the same emotions as the other person.
Empathy
is the ability to maintain a counterpart’s identity by communicating back an
accurate understanding of that person’s identity.
Identity Maintenance
Effective communicators must be able to acclimate to new environments. They must be able to handle the feelings of
“culture shock”, such as frustration, stress, and alienation in ambiguous
situations caused by new environments.
Psychological Adjustment
Individuals must understand the social customs and
the social system of the host culture. Understanding how people think and
behave is essential for effective communication.
Cultural Awareness
refers to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any
observable or believed ethnic group membership.
Stereotyping
refers to irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, sexual
orientation.
Prejudice
brings with it a sense of how to behave, norms of acting, and a host of relational formats
sense of belonging to a culture
