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Purposive Communication > Chapter 2: Intercultural and Global Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Intercultural and Global Communication Flashcards

1
Q

is defined as a community or population sufficiently large enough to be self-sustaining, that is large enough to produce new generations of members without relying on outside people

A

Culture

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2
Q

________ are created through communication

A

Cultures

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3
Q

generally compares the communication styles and patterns of people from very different cultural/social structures

A

Cross cultural communication

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3
Q

2 Types of Cultural Communication:

A
  1. Cross Cultural Communication
  2. Intercultural Communication
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4
Q

deals with how people from these social/cultural structures
speak to one another and what difficulties or differences they encounter, over and above the different languages they speak.

A

Intercultural Communication

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5
Q

Multiple _______ exist in one society or national group.

A

cultures

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6
Q

Multiple __________ coexist in a single society and talk amongst themselves as part of their conduct of membership.

A

social communities

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7
Q

In whatever situation whether there is a great or small difference in culture
we must avoid __________ or ______________.

A

ethnocentrism; ethnocentric bias

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8
Q

each culture is _________ and this difference must be accepted and respected.

A

different

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9
Q

Elements of culture into four categories:

A
  1. Symbols
  2. Rituals
  3. Values
  4. Heroes
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10
Q

refer to the verbal and nonverbal language.

A

Symbols

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11
Q

are socially essential collective activities within the culture.

A

Rituals

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12
Q

are the feelings not open for discussion within a culture about what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, normal or abnormal, which are present in a majority of the members of a culture.

A

Values

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13
Q

are real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture. They are commonly expressed through myths, which can be the
subject of novels and other forms of literature.

A

Heroes

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14
Q

Different dimensions of Culture under Cross-cultural Communication:

A
  1. Context
  2. Individualism or Collectivism
  3. Time
  4. Conflict
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15
Q

is something that is situated in our relationships in communication. Everything is
connected to this background context of relationships and other personal contexts of status, influence, and personal knowledge.

A

Context

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16
Q

focuses on placing a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or context
where speech and interaction take place. _________ spoken words are much less important than the rest of the context.

A

high context

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17
Q

is when the message itself is everything and it is much more important to have a well-structured argument or a well-delivered presentation than it is. People tend to separate their relationships from the messages and focus on details and logic.

A

low context

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17
Q

Relationship build slowly and depend on trust.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

high context

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17
Q

Relationship begin and end quickly.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

low context

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18
Q

Nonverbal elements are significant. Verbal messages are indirect and communication is seen as an art form or way of engaging someone.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

high context

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19
Q

Nonverbal elements are non significant. Verbal messages are explicit and communication is seen as a way exchanging information, ideals and opinions.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

low context

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20
Q

Space is communal.
People stand close to each other and share the same place

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

high context

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21
Q

Space is compartmentalized.
Privacy is important, so people stand farther apart.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

low context

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22
Q

Everything has its own time and not scheduled. Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

high context

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23
Q

Events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times. Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be spent or saved.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

low context

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24
Q

Multiple sources of information is used. Thinking proceeds from general to specific. Learning occurs by observing others.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

high context

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24
Q

One source of information is used.
Thinking proceeds from specific to general. Learning occurs by following the explicit directions and explanations of others.

High Context Culture/ Low Context Culture

A

low context

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25
Q

focuses on how people define themselves and their relationship with others.

A

Individualism/Collectivism

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26
Q

refers to togetherness.

A

Collectivism

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26
Q

building and maintaining good
relationship with others is more important than accomplishing the task.

A

Collectivism

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27
Q

suppresses their independent activities and individual aims for the group’s welfare.

A

Collectivism

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27
Q

refers to individuality.

A

Individualism

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27
Q

achieving the goal and finishing the task is more important than building relationship with others.

A

Individualism

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27
Q

Different societies’ attitudes toward time diverge as well.

A

Time

27
Q

refers to the time system where schedules are made and are strictly followed. They
view time as a valuable commodity and punctuality as very important. People under this category
will usually arrive at an appointment a few minutes early as a symbol of respect for the person
they are meeting.

A

Monochronic

28
Q

people like multitasking, and change plans often and easily. They do not hold time in the same
reverence and they have a much more relaxed attitude toward time.

A

Polychronic

28
Q

in cultures can be distinguished according to their understanding of and approach to it, which involves real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, understandings, and viewpoints between people.

A

Conflict

28
Q

Conflict can be differentiated into two cultural approaches:

A
  1. Conflict as Opportunity
  2. Conflict as Destructive
28
Q

five styles of conflict management

A
  1. Dominating Style
  2. Integrating Style
  3. Compromising Style
  4. Obliging Style
  5. Avoiding Style
28
Q

involves forcing one’s will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of negative relational consequences.

A

Dominating Style

28
Q

necessitates a great deal of open discussion about the conflict and hand to reach
a solution that completely satisfies everyone involved.

A

Integrating Style

28
Q

is making a compromise demands that everyone must give something up to
reach a solution.

A

Compromising Style

29
Q

is giving up one’s position to satisfy another’s. Emphasizes areas of agreement than
disagreement.

A

Obliging Style

29
Q

happens when people avoid the conflict entirely by failing to acknowledge its
existence or by withdrawing from a solution when it arises.

A

Avoiding Style

29
Q

Five Value Dimensions that vary Across Cultures

A
  1. Individualism vs. Collectivism
  2. Masculinity vs. Feminism
  3. Power Distance
  4. Uncertainty Avoidance
  5. Task vs. Social Orientation
29
Q

dimension describes cultures from loosely structured to
tightly integrated.

A

Individualism vs. Collectivism

29
Q

the interest of the individual prevails over the interest of the group. Ties between individuals are loose. People look after themselves and their immediate families.

A

Individualist culture

29
Q

the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual. People are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups that continue throughout a lifetime to
protect in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

A

Collectivist culture

29
Q

dimension describes how a
culture’s dominant values are assertive and nurturing.

A

Masculinity vs. Femininity

30
Q

are labeled as someone that strives for the maximal distinction between what women and men are expected
to do.

A

Masculine culture

30
Q

Cultures that place high values on _____________ stress
assertiveness, competition, and material success.

A

masculine traits

30
Q

are those that permit more overlapping social
roles for the sexes.
Culture that place high values on _______________ stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships, and
concern for the weak.

A

Feminine culture; feminine traits

30
Q

dimension refers to the distribution of influence within the culture.

A

Power distance

30
Q

It is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country
expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

A

Power distance

30
Q

This dimension is believed to be learned in families at an early age.

A

Power distance

31
Q

dimension refers to the extent to which
people in a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
In these cultures, such situations are avoided by maintaining strict
codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.

A

Uncertainty Avoidance

31
Q

Cultures with ____________ are active, aggressive,
emotional, compulsive, security-seeking, and intolerant.

A

strong uncertainty avoidance

32
Q

Cultures with ______________ are contemplative, less
aggressive, unemotional, relaxed, accepting of personal risks, and
relatively tolerant.

A

weak uncertainty avoidance

32
Q

dimension refers to the end goal of a group of people within a communication setting.

A

Task vs. Social Orientation

33
Q

focus on making the team competent, through training and the use of up-
to-date methods. Members are highly concerned with individual success: advancing to more responsible jobs, better training, and so on.

A

Task-oriented societies

34
Q

focus more on collective concerns: cooperative problem-solving, a friendly atmosphere, and good physical working conditions.

A

Social-oriented societies

34
Q

Certain ___________ are important factors in talking about society and cultural identity.

A

geographical locations,
nations,
races,
and regions

35
Q

are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist

A

Prejudice and Racism

35
Q

includes threats or verbal slurs directed against specific groups or physical acts such as burning crosses or spray-painting on public and private
property.

A

Hate speech

36
Q

refers to the labeling and degrading of cultures and subgroups outside
of one’s own. Indigenous groups, women, lesbians and gay men, and ethnic
groups have been “ot*er**” by other groups in language.

A

Othering

36
Q

The main personality traits that affect intercultural communication are self-concept, self-disclosure, self-
monitoring, and social relaxation.

A

Personality Strength

36
Q

PERSONALITY STRENGTH. The main personality traits that affect intercultural communication are?

A
  1. Self-concept
  2. Self-disclosure
  3. Self-monitoring
  4. Self-relaxation
36
Q

refers to the way in which a person views the self.

A

Self-concept

36
Q

refers to the willingness of individuals to openly and
appropriately reveal information about themselves to their counterparts.

A

Self-disclosure

36
Q

refers to using social comparison information to control and modify your self-presentation and expressive behavior.

A

Self-monitoring

36
Q

is the ability to reveal little anxiety in communication.

A

Self-relaxation

37
Q

Intercultural communication skills require
message skills, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, and social
skills.

A

Communication Skills

37
Q

COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Intercultural communication skills require?

A
  1. Message Skills
  2. Behavioral Flexibility
  3. Interaction Management
  4. Social Skills
37
Q

are the ability to understand and use language and feedback.

A

Message Skills

37
Q

is the ability to select an appropriate behavior in
diverse contexts.

A

Behavioral Flexibility

37
Q

emphasizes a person’s other-oriented ability to
interact.

A

Interaction Management

37
Q

are empathy and identity maintenance.

A

Social Skills

37
Q

is the ability to
think the same thoughts and feel the same emotions as the other person.

A

Empathy

37
Q

is the ability to maintain a counterpart’s identity by communicating back an
accurate understanding of that person’s identity.

A

Identity Maintenance

38
Q

Effective communicators must be able to acclimate to new environments. They must be able to handle the feelings of
“culture shock”, such as frustration, stress, and alienation in ambiguous
situations caused by new environments.

A

Psychological Adjustment

38
Q

Individuals must understand the social customs and
the social system of the host culture. Understanding how people think and
behave is essential for effective communication.

A

Cultural Awareness

38
Q

refers to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any
observable or believed ethnic group membership.

A

Stereotyping

38
Q

refers to irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, sexual
orientation.

A

Prejudice

39
Q

brings with it a sense of how to behave, norms of acting, and a host of relational formats

A

sense of belonging to a culture

Purposive Communication (2 decks)

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