Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Changed Worldview Flashcards
It denotes a drastic change in what is established, believed, and embraced
Revolution
People who shared revolutionary ideas/ outcast of society
Heretics
He challenged the previous notion about the cosmos, led the so-called Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
The revolution led by Copernicus came about in response to the questions that could not be addressed by the geocentric model of the universe
Pre-Copernican System (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
The geocentric model, also known as geocentrism popularized by the thinker _________________
Ptolemy (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
A description of the universe with the Earth as the center.
Geocentrism (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
he drew the first map of the world with the earth taking the shape of the cylinder floating in the center of the universe.
Anaximander (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He believed that the sun and moon were hollow rings of fire and that eclipses were the result of these rings closing.
Anaximander (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He was the first to suggest that the earth was sphere
Pythagoras (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He believed that the cosmos is made up of matter in geometric shapes.
Plato (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He positioned that the Earth was the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies arranged in concentric crystalline spheres around it.
Aristotle (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
“Father of Modern Astronomy”
Copernicus (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
For Copernicus, the geocentric model did not explain the occasional backward movement of the planets that was regarded as the ______________
Retrograde Motion (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He proposed that the earth is not the center of the universe but the sun. (heliocentric model)
Copernicus (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
These scientists worked to validate the heliocentric model
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He rejected the idea that the earth is not the center of the universe because it defiles the laws of physics that were taught and accepted.
Tycho Brahe (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He proposed his own model, dubbed as geoheliocentrism/Tychonic System
Tycho Brahe (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
it combined the Copernican and Ptolemaic systems.
geoheliocentrism/Tychonic System (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He proposed that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
Johannes Kepler (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He published a book that further reinforced the claim constructed, he was able to observe the movements of the Moon, Venus, and Jupiter and its satellites.
Galileo Galilei (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He became the first person to observe the craters of the moon using the telescope, disproving the idea that it is perfectly smooth sphere.
Galileo Galilei (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He drew the church’s ire with his observations. He was persecuted and put on trial by the inquisition in Rome, where he was found guilty of heresy and compelled to say that all his findings were wrong.
Galileo Galilei (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He was the first one to provide mathematical equations that could prove what Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler tried to explain.
Sir Isaac Newton (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
A martyred Italian monk who spread Copernicus’ theory of a heliocentric and scientific universe.
Giordano Bruno (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
the “Father of Microbiology” who discovered bacteria
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
“Father of Modern Chemistry” for his extensive experiment and use of the scientific method.
Robert Boyle (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
A staunch supporter of the empirical method and inductive reasonings which provide that people understand truths according to their own experience.
Francis Bacon (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
He practiced deductive reasoning and the scientific method in solving problems and whose idea of the human consciousness dominated until the 20th Century.
Rene Descartes (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
Is the change in characteristics of a species over several generations, relying on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Evolution (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
The view that the universe originated from “specific acts of divine creation”
Creationism (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
Subscribed to the Judeo-Christian version of creationism and saw their work as a mere representation of the unchanging order of life created by God.
Carolus Linnaeus (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He believed evolution occurred in living things including humans.
Erasmus Darwin (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He was accompanied by Darwin in collecting seas slugs and sea pens on seashores.
Robert Edmond Grant (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
They traveled to Wales for geological research and mapped the strata in the area in the summer of 1931.
Adam Sedgwick and Darwin (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
A process where species that adapt to the changing environment survive, whereas those that do not simply die out
Natural Selection (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
“Father of Evolution”
Charles Darwin (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He determined that Darwin’s Uruguay River skull came from a Toxodon– a hippopotamus-sized ancestor of the South American capybara , and the Pampas fossils were not rhinoceroses and mastodons but extinct armadillos, anteaters, and sloths.
Richard Owen (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He disclosed that the bird specimens that Darwin brought from Galapagos were all ground finches that adapted differently.
John Gould (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
It is a subdiscipline of biological sciences that has to do with the origin of life as well as the diversification and adaptation of life forms through time.
Evolutionary Biology (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He coined such a relationship into a term called modern synthesis otherwise named Neo-Darwinism, reconciling Darwin’s theory of evolution with that of Gregor Mendel’s ideas on heredity into a joint framework.
Julian Huxley (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
Is the branch of Philosophy of science that has to do with biology.
Philosophy of Biology (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
he founded the first laboratory dedicated to psychological research and conducted experimental studies.
Wilhelm Wundt (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Who created the Cartesian Paradigm?
Rene Descartes (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It consists of two components: the mind-mind problem and the mind-body problem
Cartesian Paradigm (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Cartesian Paradigm consists of two components which are?
Mind-mind problem and Mind-body problem (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is a view f the mind in relation to itself.
Mind-mind problem (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is a view of the mind in relation to the body
Mind-body problem (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He rose to fame for his unconventional stance at that time that all cognitive processes are unconscious.
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Was initially interested in laboratory work concerning biological and anatomical subjects, but his interest shifted from microscopic studies to living patients.
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He spent most of his life studying human psychology through a series of clinical researches and corresponding theories.
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
His studies and case observations of different mental illnesses led him to his magnum opus “Psychoanalysis”.
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
A book that detailed the methodology of treating mental illnesses.
Psychoanalysis (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
“Father of Psychoanalysis”
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is anchored on the concept that human behavior is determined by unconscious motivations and biological and instinctive drives that support the idea that human beings have no ability to make choices and control of life events.
Psychoanalysis (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
They are recurring concepts in Freud’s theories
Drives/Instincts (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
According to Freud there are tow conflicting main instincts which are?
Eros and Thanatos (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Refers to survival instincts involving basic hunger, thirst, and sexual impulses.
Eros (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Refers to aggressive and self-destructive instincts driven toward death.
Thanatos (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
This theory describes how people act according to different systems of personality.
Structures of Personality (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Freud claimed that the personality is composed of three structures known as the?
id, Ego, Superego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is the unconscious aspect of the personality that includes untamed instincts, impulses, and desires.
id (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is said to be present since birth and operates by the pleasure principle that requires immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs to avoid feeling anything other than pleasure.
id (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Structure of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.
ego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It functions as the “referee” that balances the needs of the id against the demands and expectations of society.
ego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is the judicial structure of the personality that holds all the internalized moral standards and ideals that are acquired from close relationships, environment, and society.
Superego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is the sense of right and wrong that provides the guidelines for making judgements anchored on one’s established moral standards.
Superego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
According to Freud, the Superego is comprised of two parts which are?
Ego ideal and Conscience ego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Includes the rules and standards for good behavior one has learned from his/her parents and other figures of authority. Also known as the ideal self
Ego ideal (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
Which leaves room for self-evaluation and criticism, is ruled by a reward and punishment system.
Conscience ego (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He is known for the development of analytical psychology
Carl Jung (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on the role of sexuality in personality and introduced the concepts of collective consciousness.
Carl Jung (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
refers to shared social norms, as well as archetypes.
Collective Consciousness (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He coined the terms “introvert” and “extrovert”
Carl Jung (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He rejected Freud’s theory on psychosexual aspect of personality.
Alfred Adler (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He developed Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
It is using holistic approach to study a person’s character.
Individual Psychology (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
His method considers a person’s environment as well as the people he/she interacts with.
Alfred Adler (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He accepted Freud’s psychosexual development theory but modified it as a psychosocial theory.
Erik Erickson (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He suggested that personality develops throughout one’s lifespan.
Erik Erickson (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
In each stage of development, there is a psychosocial task that a person must master to feel a sense of competence.
Psychosocial Theory (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He is known for coining the term “Identity crisis”
Erik Erickson (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He suggested that personality problems can be traced to conflicts between human needs and societal demands.
Erich Fromm (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
