Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology Flashcards
Comes from the latin word scientia meaning “knowledge”
Science
A systemized body of knowledge for it urges people to find answers to questions they have regarding the things around them.
Science
Why are the earliest civilizations of the world were born along rivers?
Because people needed fresh water to survive
The first recorded civilizations of the world existed in this region
Mesopotamia
from the greeks, means “between rivers” which signifies its location within the tigris-euphrates river system.
Mesopotamia
What are the civilizations that flourished in Mesopotamia?
Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian civilizations
Modern day “Iraq”
Sumer
They call themselves “The black-headed people”
Sumerians
Are known for inventing the “cuneiform”
Sumerians
One of the earliest systems of writing
Cuneiform (SUMERIAN)
wedge-shaped scripts pressed into clay tablets.
Cuneiform
Used the main base 60 and the auxiliary base 10. It was helpful in their conduct of trade.
Sumerian’s Number System (SUMERIAN)
Allowed sumerians to travel by sea to trade goods with other neighboring civilizations.
Sumerian Sailboats (SUMERIAN)
Is believed to have been first used by the Sumerians for pottery in 3500 BC and later for transportation in chariots in 3200 BC.
Sumerian Wheel (SUMERIAN)
They served as one of history’s earliest trading grounds through textiles, leather goods, and jewelry.
Sumer
They are believed to have developed agricultural processes such as irrigation.
Sumerians
The construction of high leeves of flood banks to collect floodwaters coming from the Tigris and Euphrates is the proof of their ingenuity.
Irrigation of Sumerians (SUMERIAN)
One of the first civilizations to use the plow for digging and breaking hard soil to make planting easy.
Sumerian Civilization
They are known for being the first astronomers
Sumerians
They observed the phases of the moon and the movements of the planets and the stars.
Sumerians
They were able to develop a lunar calendar
Sumerians
The basis for having 12 lunar months in a year.
Sumerian Lunar Calendar (SUMERIAN)
Served as the center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia.
Babylon
is known to be derived from bav-il or bav-ilim meaning “Gates of the Gods”
Babylon
Is first mentioned in Genesis 10, an account that traces the genealogy of Noah’s three sons.
Babylon
Noah’s son ____became the father of ___ who became the father of _____
Ham, Cush, Nimrod (BABYLON)
Who became a great warrior and built a kingdom that included the city of Babylon.
Nimrod (BABYLON)
Genesis 11 tells the Story of __________
Tower of Babel
a structure that the Babylonians wanted to build “with its tops in the heavens” to make a name for themselves.
Tower of Babel
The tower was never finished and people, having different languages, spread out to different parts of the world
Tower of Babel
Who directed the excavation of Babylon is 1899.
Robert Koldewey (BABYLON)
Is believed to have inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, and Nebuchadnezzar’s palaces.
Temple of Etemenaki (BABYLON)
They discovered a basement with fourteen large rooms with stone arch ceilings believed to be the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon”
Koldewey’s Team (BABYLON)
Discovered a basement with fourteen large rooms with stone arch ceilings believed to be the “__________________________”
“Hanging Gardens of Babylon”
It is believed that the Gardens were King Nebuchadnezzar II’s gift to his homesick wife, Amytis.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The garden had large terraces with many trees and flowering plants. It also had its own irrigation system linked to the Euphrates river to water the trees and plants.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
They were known for advancing the number system that became the precursor of many present
Babylonians
They used mathematics in their daily lives in cuneiform tablets. Topics concerning fractions, square, and cube formulas, and the Pythagorean Theorem.
Babylonians
Were known to have observed the sun, moon, and stars to make astronomical calculations and predictions that they recorded on clay tablets
Babylonians
They devised lunar calendar and divided one year into 12 months with each month divided into an alternate of 29 and 30 days.
Babylonians
Invented sundials and water clocks to determine time.
Babylonians
Excel in various fields such as agriculture, metallurgy, engineering, textile production, and medicine.
Africa
Advancements in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient ______ by local craftsmen for hunting and defense.
Africa
Arrays of tools during Africa were _____, ______, ______, and ______
bow, arrows, knives, axes (AFRICA)
____________, whom the Europeans of the 16th century enslaved, were not credited for their scientific ability.
Africans
Africa’s most famous civilizations
Egyptian Civilization
Was born along Nile River, and provided rich soil for agriculture
Egyptian Civilization
Flows from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.
Nile River (EGYPT)
The land of Egypt was known as “kemet”, meaning ________, because of the rich dark soil along the river.
Black Land (EGYPT)
One of the first scientific innovations of Ancient Egypt civilization was the construction of a ___________
canal for irrigation (EGYPT)
They made use of and further developed the plow to make farming easier, for it helped in cultivating the soil for the planting of different crops.
Egyptians
They developed the shadoof.
Egyptians
An irrigation tool composed of a pole and a bucket used to lift water.
Shadoof (EGYPT)
they are known for inventing breath mints from frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon made into pellets, and discovering honey.
Egyptians
Was rich in architectural feasts.
Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt
It was characterized by such monuments as the pyramids and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt
A 20-meter high statue made of white limestone depicting a reclining sphinx with a lion’s body and a human head.
Great Sphinx of Giza. (EGYPT)
Served as tombs for the kings and queens of Egypt.
Pyramids (EGYPT)
They believed that after death, the soul lives on as an immortal entity and for one to live again after death, his or her body needed to be preserved so it would be recognized by his/her spirit.
Egyptians
to preserve the body to be recognized by the soul
mummification (EGYPT)
Pharaoh of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom, built the First Step Pyramid in Saqqara designed by Imhotep–his architect and physician.
Djoser (EGYPT)
The great pyramids of __________, ___________,and _____________ were also constructed during the reign of Djoser.
Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure (EGYPT)
A material made from the pith of the papyrus plant that is similar to paper, was used by the Egyptians as a writing surface.
Papyrus (EGYPT)
Was responsible for cosmetic inventions including wigs and make-up as seen in their pictograms and hieroglyphics.
Ancient Egypt
Wrote texts describing more than 200 diseases and their corresponding treatments.
Imhotep (EGYPT)
An ancient civilization located in present-day Pakistan and Northwest India.
Indus Valley
A bronze-age civilization and the largest of the four urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia, and China.
Indus Valley Civilization
This huge discovery proved that Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Egypt were not the only ancient civilizations.
Ruins of Mohenjo-Daro (INDUS)
Introduced new techniques of metallurgy (bronze, tin, copper, and lead) and handicraft (seal, carving, and carnelian products)
Indus Valley Civilization
Their cities are well known for having well-organized and baked brick houses and clusters of large non-residential buildings, a complex drainage system, and sophisticated water storage system.
Indus Valley Civilization
People who resided here developed accurate weighing systems and measurements for trade and a writing system consisting of 250-500 characters
Indus Valley Civilization
Is known for its advanced agricultural practices.
Indus Valley Civilization
is known to be one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations of the world.
Ancient China
is derived from the sanskrit “Cina” from the name of the Qin Dynasty, pronounced “Chin” .
China
The land where the silk comes from
Seres (China)
Was the first to record astronomical phenomena such as the solar eclipse and one of the few to witness a guest star supernova at 1054 BC that created the Crab Nebula
Ancient China
A counting device, it was used not only for counting but also for basic and complex mathematical operations.
Abacus (CHINA)
They are responsible for introducing and developing medicinal treatments including acupuncture and herbal medicine.
Chinese
The practice of relieving pain, healing illnesses, and improving the general well being of a person by inserting several metal needles at precise points into the skin and tissue.
Accupuncture (CHINA)
greatly affected the way china recorded its history and produced literature.
Invention of paper (CHINA)
from what civilization is the moveable printing press?
Ancient China (CHINA)
A type of ceramic clay pottery used to craft vases, plates, cups and decorative furniture which were treasured by other nations at the time of its invention.
Porcelain (CHINA)
Originated in China as early as the Chinese Neolithic period.
Silk (CHINA)
It is produced by silkworms that feed on mulberry leaves and create the cocoon where they will later develop.
Silk (CHINA)
The cultivation and production of silk was refined and mastered.
Sericulture (CHINA)
A network of trade routes that connected different countries.
Silk Road (CHINA)
Initially used for fireworks , was one of the popular creations of Chinese Taoist alchemists who mixed sulfur charcoal, and potassium nitrate in hopes of creating a potion for immortality in 142 AD.
Gunpowder (CHINA)
It was later on used in the Mongol Wars of the 10th Century and ironically, the European domination of China in the 1800s.
Gunpowder (CHINA)
refers to a time between 800 BC and 500 BC after the so-called greek dark ages.
Ancient Greece (AEGEAN)
Is a country in Southeastern Europe also known as Hellas or Ellada.
Greece (AEGEAN)
It is made up of mainland and groups of smaller islands.
Greece (AEGEAN)
is characterized by the expansion of villages and the development of marketplaces and meeting places.
Ancient Greece (AEGEAN)
Is undeniably the most renowned contribution of the greeks to western civilizations.
Greek Philosophy (AEGEAN)
These philosopher questioned human existence and how the world came to be
Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates (AEGEAN)
He was best known for the Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagoras (AEGEAN)
Was used to measure distance and space
Pythagorean Theorem (AEGEAN)
He believed that “number” is the only objective concept in the understanding of reality.
Pythagoras (AEGEAN)
Regarded as the first western philosopher and mathematician, became popular for his precise prediction of the solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC.
Thales of Miletus (AEGEAN)
His contributions were the calculation of the height of pyramids, description of the position of Ursa Minor, and founding of the Milesian School.
Thales of Miletus (AEGEAN)
considered as the “father of western medicine”, made big leaps in the field of medicine by observing wounded soldiers, the veins and the arteries of the body and by determining the correlation of diet and lifestyle to diseases.
Hippocrates (AEGEAN)
Formulated after his death, is an oath of ethics taken by physicians and medical practitioners to promise to uphold values and ethics in the practice of medicine.
Hippocratic Oath (AEGEAN)
The greeks were able to draw energy from water through ___________ that were used to grind grain.
Water mills (AEGEAN)
Was the pioneering invention that contributed to the creation of the water mills.
Perachora wheels (AEGEAN)
Were constructed at this time for water management in Samos and Athens
Aqueducts (AEGEAN)
He is known for developing the water clocks or clepsydra
Ctesibius (AEGEAN)
worked by using water droppings and clay vessels to track time.
water alarm clock (AEGEAN)
He used bells that were supposed to be hit by dropping pebbles in order to make sounds.
Ctesibius (AEGEAN)
Is attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse during the First Punic War.
Odometer (AEGEAN)
Was used to measure the distance covered by a vehicle.
Odometer (AEGEAN)
was originally a small town near the Tiber when Augustus Caesar became its first emperor.
Ancient Rome
They borrowed and enriched the culture of Greece and became a powerful empire, encompassing most of continental Europe, Britain, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, and Northern Africa
Rome
Can be traced to its civil and military engineering that led to the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, and architectural feats such as arenas, monuments, pantheons, and more.
Ancient Rome’s legacy
Was the first to describe and diagnose symptoms of different diseases and their corresponding treatments.
Galen (ROMAN)
Surgical instruments that were used by roman physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Typically made out of steels, lead, or bronze.
rectal spectrum, bone levers, and cupping vessels (ROMAN)
Known for its durability due to the volcanic ash present in the mixture.
concrete (ROME)
He built the first roman aqueduct called Aqua Appia in 312 BC.
Appius Claudius Caecus (ROME)
It transported water to Rome from different bodies of water, and was the precursor of Rome’s developed sewage system, sanitation management, and public baths.
aqueduct (ROME)
The largest amphitheater ever built
Colosseum (ROME)
a former Roman temple
Pantheon (ROME)
was famous for its powerful military characterized by formidable leadership and advanced machinery.
Ancient Rome
These were used by the romans to penetrate enemy frontiers
Ballista (ROME)
Was a combustible weapon capable of propelling bombs at the opponent.
Greek Fire (ROME)
is a historical region and cultural area in North America that spans territories from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.
Mesoamerica
The earliest known mesoamerican civilization
Olmec Civilization (MESOAMERICA)
They were considered by many scholars as one of the most scientifically advanced individuals in mesoamerica.
Maya (MESOAMERICA)
a system of writing with 1,000 characters.
Maya hieroglyphics (Maya Civilization)
Maya texts written on tree bark that contained records of the Maya culture, rituals, and scientific observations.
Codices (Maya Civilization)
inscribed on stone monuments, many of which still exist today and remain indecipherable.
Pictorial Scripts/ glyphs (Maya Civilization)
Contains accurate predictions of solar eclipses, celestial writings, and astronomical tables of the Maya.
Dresden Codex (Maya Civilization)
Built a number of observatories where astronomical events where studied.
Maya Civilization
The knowledge of these people in astronomy and mathematics enabled them to refer to the “365-day solar year” and “260-day sacred year” annual cycles”
Mayan People (Maya Civilization)
These annual cycles: “365-day solar year” and “260-day sacred year” annual cycles” were known as the __________________.
Calendar Round (Maya Civilization)
They devised another calendar called the _________
Long count (Maya Civilization)
measured days by cycles or sets.
Long count (Maya Civilization)
This numerical system is based on the numeral 20.
Maya Numerical System
The women made tunics called ___________ with unique designs and colors.
huipiles (Maya Civilization)
persisted for two hundred years before the spaniards conquered their lands.
Aztec and Inca Civilizations
they thrived in the capital city of tenochtitlan-present day Mexico City
Aztecs (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Where they built chinampas or artificial islands.
tenochtitlan-present day Mexico City (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
they were able to preserve their literature through their codices that described their culture and valuable scientific observations.
Aztecs (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
One of the notable artifacts of the Aztec Civilization is the __________ with the image of the aztec sun god at the center.
Aztec Sun Stone (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Aztecs used pictographs as their system of writing, and their language was called the ______.
Nahuatl (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
They were known for having massive stone temples where religious rituals and offerings were made before the statues of their gods.
Aztecs (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Also known as the Incan Empire, was the largest mesoamerican civilization.
Inca Civilization (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Were known as the great and innovative engineers
Inca (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
they performed cranial surgeries (trepanation) and amputation for injured warriors.
Inca (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
They produced textiles: Tunics, Long Shirts, and Delicate clothing
Inca (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
They had musical instruments: Flutes, drums, panpipes, and horns
Inca (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Inca’s official language
Quenchua (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
A set of strings used for recording informations such as tax records, census records, and calendar information
Quipu (Aztec and Inca Civilizations)
Is usually associated with the time when people were seen as tasteless, vulgar, and old-fashioned.
Middle Ages
Is also known as the Dark Ages due to the invasion of various Germanic tribes on the pervious domain of the Roman Empire.
Middle Ages
Who is the king of Visigoths invaded Rome thrice which was critical to the fall of the empire?
Alaric I
He was appointed Magister Militum — meaning, master of the soldiers.
Alaric I
Middle ages is split into three different periods:
early, high, and late middle ages (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
It was later renamed Constantinpole when it was captured by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century.
Byzantine Empire
What is the notion of calling the Byzantine Empire?
base on the need to identify its distinct qualities at the time (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
Who was able to reclaim the land invaded by the various Germanic tribes?
Emperor Justinian (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
This time was considered the restoration of the empire of Rome, which give birth to various social, political, economic, and military reforms.
Byzantine Empire
also called cheiromangana
Handled Trebuchet (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
was made as an alteration of the counterweight trebuchet
Handled Trebuchet (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
is a type of catapult that uses a siege engine in its mechanism to throw a projectile.
Handled Trebuchet (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
uses running water to grind grains.
Tidal Mill (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)
Grew as one of the largest empire in history.
Islamic Empire
Holy book of the muslims, encouraged the development of science by allowing believers to seek knowledge and observe nature for signs of Allah through scientific study.
Koran (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
The Arabs improved upon Chinese techniques by using _________ instead of mulberry bark, considering the growing preference for using pens rather than the brushes for writing.
Starch (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
A result of translations of Greek and Syriac texts to Arabic
The House of Wisdom (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
To whom did “The House of Wisdom” belong?
Abbasid Caliphs
In here, Muslim scholars began translating philosophical and scientific texts to Arabic so that information can be disseminated.
The House of Wisdom (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
What is one of the first works to be translated into Arabic?
Ptolemy’s Al-Magest (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
described an earth-centered universe.
Ptolemy’s Al-Magest (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
Scholars from various field of Science emerged and extended the frontiers of scientific knowledge.
Golden Age of Islamic Science (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
He applied the scientific method for the optic experiments.
Ibn Al-Haytham / Alhazen (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
He devised the Laws of Refraction and performed experiments on the dispersion of light into its component colors.
Ibn Al-Haytham / Alhazen (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
His book, “Book of Optics” had a great influence on Western Science and made him known as the “Father of Modern Optics”
Ibn Al-Haytham / Alhazen (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
He is also known as Avicienna, was a Physician and Philosopher who wrote “al-Qanun fi al-Tibb or “The Canon of Medicine”
Ibn Sina (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
This medical encyclopedia was the first to describe the anatomy of the human eye and recognize the contagious nature of tuberculosis and meningitis.
The Canon of Medicine” (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
is recognized as the “Father of Surgery” and considered the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages.
Al Zahrawi (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
What is known to be developed by Persian scholar, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi?
Algebra
The book lays down the foundations of the current principles of Algebra
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing. (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
Devised a method of determining the radius of the earth by observing the height of the mountain in Nandana.
Al-Biruni (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
He proposed the theory of the earth rotating on its own axis and made precise calculations of the specific gravity of 18 precious stones and minerals.
Al-Biruni (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
Known as the “Father of Chemistry”, is believed to have authored a multitude of books on alchemy, cosmology, astrology, medicine, mysticism, and philosophy.
Jabir ibn Hayyan (ISLAMIC EMPIRE)
They founded the Carolingian Empire that forged the Carolingian Renaissance.
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) and Alcuin of York
The empire was characterized by cultural revitalization that increased activity in the fields of literature, arts, architecture, and more.
Carolingian Empire (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
He urged the revival of scholarship, making liturgical reforms and scriptural studies abundant.
Charlemagne (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Were notable keypoints in the changing geopolitical landscape of Europe.
Viking Age (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Credited for a number of technological advancements, particularly in warfare and navigation.
Vikings (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Was the most commonly used weapon of the Vikings both for the battle and as a tool.
Axe (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Was used for battle, supposedly held by two hands.
Dane Axe (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Uses the Sun to help them (vikings) navigate the seas.
Magnetic Compass (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church to curb the spread of the Islamic faith in Europe.
Crusaded (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Gave a sermon at the council of Clermont emphasizing the importance of reclaiming the territories of Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim occupation.
Pope Urban II (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Was considered an essential weapon in battle.
Crossbow (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Involves the division of a single piece of land into three smaller plots where different seasonal crops would be planted.
Three-field system (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
His works, Physics and Metaphysics, were revived in the 12th and 13th Centuries. His works are also: Averroes and William Moerbeke
Aristotle (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
________________ geography was translated to Latin during Medieval Europe Period, which inspired Christopher Columbus to pursue his exploration of the new world.
Claudius Ptolemy (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Emerged during the High Middle Ages at the beginning of the 13th century.
Studium Generale (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
A method of critical thought that integrated religious theology with scientific truth.
Christian Scholasticism (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
He contributed to the development of one of the modern-day science’s greatest tools—-scientific method.
Roger Bacon (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
In his 800-page book ____________, Bacon described a repeating cycle of scientific inquiry that took the following steps: observation, formulation of hypothesis, and experimentation.
Roger Bacon (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
He indicated the need for independent verification in all scientific procedures.
Roger Bacon (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
What are the two fields of study outside the boundaries of hard science that rose to popularity by the end of the High Middle Ages?
Alchemy and Astrology (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Is an ancient branch of natural philosophy that mainly seeks to convert base metals into noble metals such as gold.
Alchemy (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Is rooted in a spiritual worldview that regards metals as living entities that possess mythical abilities.
Alchemy (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Establishes the connection between the position of heavenly and celestial bodies to the dwellings of human life and the natural world.
Astrology (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
They were responsible for promoting the study of the physics of motion through mathematics.
University of Paris and Oxford University (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
He was able to establish the mean speed theorem or theorem on uniform acceleration.
Nicholas Oresme (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
It states that a body traveling at constant velocity will cover the same distance in the same time as an accelerated body if its velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body.
Mean Speed Theorem/ Theorem on uniform acceleration (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Developed a theorem that described how a body in motion continues to stay in motion through the body’s intrinsic and natural quality which he called impetus.
John Buridan (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
A precursor to modern eyeglasses
Spectacles (MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
Which led to the development of the world’s first compasses
Magnets(MEDIEVAL EUROPE)
4 Scientific and technological innovations of the Late Middle Ages:
Spectacles
Windmills
Magnets
Spinning wheels
Is a period from the 14th to 17th century marking the transition from the middle ages to modernity.
Renaissance
is a french word that means “rebirth”.
Renaissance
He invented the “printing press” that became pivotal to the development of mass media.
Johannes Gutenberg (RENAISSANCE)
Was known as the “Father of Italian Poetry” for his magnus opus “The divine Comedy”
Dante (RENAISSANCE)
He is more commonly known as Petrarch, He rediscovered greek and roman classics and was hailed “The father of humanism”
Francesco Petrarca (RENAISSANCE)
Was a painter, sculptor, and scientist known for his works “Mona Lisa”, ‘Vitruvian Man”, and “The Last Supper”.
Leonardo da Vinci (RENAISSANCE)
is famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican with scenes from the book of Genesis.
Michaelangelo (RENAISSANCE)
An italian painter and architect that was known for embodying both the clear arrangement of elements and clarity of form as seen in his paintings, “The Sistine Madonna” and “The School of Athens”.
Raphael (RENAISSANCE)
A series of events that mark the rise of modern science during early modern ages.
Scientific Revolution (RENAISSANCE)
He is the proponent of “Heliocentric Theory” that went against the general belief that the earth is at the center of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus (RENAISSANCE)
Who proved Copernicus’ theory to be correct.
Galileo Galilei (RENAISSANCE)
Who eradicated all doubts of heliocentrism’s validity through a mathematical description of the motion of the Earth and other celestial bodies around the Sun.
Sir Isaac Newton (RENAISSANCE)
The use of _____________ began during this perioddue to the demand for mass production, lessening the use of animals and humans for mechanical work, and employment of machines for various purposes.
Fuel (RENAISSANCE)
A type of metallurgical furnace used to produce industrial metals.
Blast furnace (RENAISSANCE)
was popularized because it requires less human effort and provided larger yields of food to support the growing population.
Sheep Farming (RENAISSANCE)
There were significant advancements in ________ and __________ that contributed greatly to exploration of more territories and trade with other nations.
Navigation and Expedition (RENAISSANCE)
This began during Renaissance Period though it made less progress in early modern times than sea transport.
Canals for inland Transport (RENAISSANCE)
What were the inventions for maritime transport?
Masts, Sails, and Sternpost rudders (RENAISSANCE)
What were the instruments developed for navigation and voyages?
Compass, Quadrant, and Forestaff (RENAISSANCE)
The introduction of _________ and ____________ for mining led to the development of railway transportation.
barrow and woden tracks (RENAISSANCE)
A period characterized by the shift from agricultural processes to urbanized and industrial processes.
Industrial Revolution
Is widely regarded as the one who popularized the term “Industrial Revolution”
Arnold Toynbee (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
According to him, the revolution is the “substitution of competition for the medieval regulations that previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth”.
Arnold Toynbee (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Is considered to be the first country to be industrialized
England (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
2 Factors that led to the industrialization of England
1.) Country’s large working class
2.) Abundant natural resources
(INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Was implemented to increase the production level of the yields.
Factory System (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
A Swedish metallurgist, discovered the important role of carbon in steel in 1750.
Tobern Bergman (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
_______________ and __________________ improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron.
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
A Welsh metallurgist, who discovered an alloy of iron that combined carbon and manganese with the formed iron.
Robert Mushet (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He invented the flying shuttle to increase the output for yarn.
John Kay (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
The spinning jenny was developed by _____________
James Hargreaves (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
It is also called “Saxon Wheel”. It is a machine that is able to spin more than one spindle at a time.
Spinning Jenny (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He patented a textile machine powered by water and not by hand called the water frame.
Richard Arkwright (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
This machine was developed to cater to the spinning of multiple threads in 1769.
Water Frame (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He invented the spinning mule
Samuel Crompton (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
This combines the features of spinning jenny and water frame
Water Mule (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He created the power loom in 1787
Edmund Cartwright (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
It is used for spinning and weaving to increase the production of cotton from plantations in England.
Power loom (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He invented a machine called the Cotton gin
Eli Whitney (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
It is a machine invented by Eli Whitney
Cotton gin (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He is a cabinet maker, submitted a patent for a mechanized sewing machine in 1790.
Thomas Saint (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
a French tailor that invented the chain stitch machine in 1829
Barthelemy Thimonnier
It is a machine invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier
Chain Stitch (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
It was first developed by the Englishman Thomas Newcomen.
Steam engine (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
His goal was to develop an engine that would prevent flooding in the Cornwall mines.
Thomas Newcomen (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
The inventor of pressure cooker
Denis Papin (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Newcomen, together with _________________, developed an engine based on the piston that was more efficient but used a lot of energy.
John Calley (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He perfected and patented the steam engine that produced the needed power without consuming too much fuel.
James Watt (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Sinong partner ni James Watt?
Matthew Boulton (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Greatly improved the ways by which people and things move from one place to another. It also paved the way for the popularization of rail transport.
Steam Engine (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
The first locomotive, was developed by?
Richard Trevithick (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
An engine or rail transport vehicle. It was named the “New castle” however, it was unsuccessful due to its weight which made the rails collapse.
Locomotive (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Considered to be the “Father of Railways”
George Stephenson (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He designed an effective locomotive called the “Blucher”.
George Stephenson (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
This was used to tow coal in Northumberland in England.
Blucher (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Sinong kapatid ni George Stephenson na tumulong sa kanya na mapaganda ‘yung locomotives?
Robert (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He utilized the steam engine from Boulton amd Watt and developed The “North River Steamboat” which was later on called “Clermont”.
Robert Fulton (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
How many hours in a day does a typical worker was required to work during the Industrial Revolution?
14 to 16 hours a day for six days a week (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
He made noteworthy progress in the field of physical science when he published a series of studies on electrodynamics, which later on culminated into the Coulomb’s Law.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
He discovered oxygen gas by collecting colorless gas from heated mercury in 1774
Joseph Priestly (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
Colorless gas was named “Oxygen” by?
Antoine Lavoisier (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He explained the reaction of substances that contained carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Antoine Lavoisier (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He was dubbed as the “Father of Modern Chemistry” when he published his research on the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Antoine Lavoisier (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
Had proposed the “Atomic Theory”
John Dalton (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
primarily states that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
Atomic Theory (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He discovered that electric current produces magnetic fields.
Hans Christian Oersted (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He conducted experiments on electromagnetic induction on 1831 and published two volumes of books on electricity.
Michael Faraday (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He had managed to formulate a theory on electromagnetic radiation which poses that light, magnetism, and electricity are variations in manifestation of the same phenomenon.
James Clerk Maxwell (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
Explains that electric and magnetic fields, in the forms of waves, travel through space at the speed of light.
A Dynamical Theory of Electromagnetic Field (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
It is a two-volume discourse on electromagnetism
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He proposed the theory that electrons have fundamental qualities of electricity.
George Johnstone Stoney (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He discovered the cathode rays
William Crookes (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He created vacuum tubes
Heinrich Geissler (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He discovered the positive particles called the protons from a tube filled with hydrogen gas.
Eugen Goldstein (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
X-rays were accidentally discovered by him while doing research on cathode rays in 1895.
William Roentgen (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
The _________ was discovered by ____________ when he placed the Crookes; tube within a magnetic field in 1897, wherein the cathode rays were negatively charged, leading to His conclusion that all atoms have negative charge.
electron ; J.J Thomson (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He discovered radioactivity
Henri Becquerel (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
She discovered the radioactive elements in uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium from the late 19th century until the early 20th century.
Marie Curie (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He filed a patent for the telephone because of his success in developing a means to exchange messages in real time through electric current.
Alexander Graham Bell (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He was dubbed as the “Father of Taxonomy”, developed a system of naming organisms called the binomial nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He was named for his works, Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae
Carolus Linnaeus (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He proposed that there are still gradual mechanisms on earth that explain the variability of fossils.
James Hutton (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He is a pioneer in the field of Paleontology—study of fossils, proposed the “Theory of Catastrophism”
Georges Cuvier (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
Hypothesized that extinctions must have been common in the Earth’s History.
Theory of Catastrophism (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He proposed the principle of “Uniformitarianism”
Charles Lyell (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
It states that the same geological processes are operating today as in the past
Uniformitarianism (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
A French naturalist who proposed the Theory of Acquired Characteristics through Use and Disuse/ Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
It theorizes that an organism can pass on some of its traits, obtain from either use or disuse, to its offspring.
Theory of Acquired Characteristics through Use and Disuse/ Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He publish his work explaining the variability of living organisms entitled “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggles of Life
Charles Darwin (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He was known as the “Father of Genetics”, wrote a paper on his experiments on breeding pea plants.
Gregor Mendel (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
He discovered the “Quantum Theory”
Max Planck (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He discovered the “Theory of Relativity”
Albert Einstein (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He explained the phenomenon called “photoelectric effect”
Albert Einstein (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
Electrons are released from materials when hit by the light
Photoelectric Effect (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
An equation on quantum mechanics was proposed by?
Erwin Schrodinger (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
It enabled the scientists to develop semiconductors and atomic power.
Quantum Mechanics (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He launched the first successful rocket at a farm near Auburn, Massachusetts.
Robert Goddard (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He discovered the neuron in the nucleus of an atom
James Chadwick (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He discovered that genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells.
Oswald Avery (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
They proposed the double helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.
Francis Crick and James Watson (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
It is a drug against bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.
Penicillin (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
They developed the first antibiotic that could be mass produced.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He expounded the antibody formation process that states that the body has its own antibodies that could fight antigens.
Niels Jerne (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He developed the first polio vaccine
Jonas Salk (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
He improved on Salk’s work and produced the “Oral Polio Vaccine”
Albert Sabin (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered by?
Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
The first cloning in animals, through a sheep named ________________
Dolly (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
The first manned engine-powered aircraft flight was launched by _______ and ________ in 1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
The first production model of the automobile was launched by _____________
Henry Ford (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
It is Soviet Union’s first artificial satellite
Sputnik (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
The invention of computer from the early systems of calculation by?
Charles Babbage (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He formulated his ideas on digital communication and published his work “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”
Claude E. Shannon (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He proposed the notion that information media can be encoded as a series of 1s and 0s through various devices such as television, radio, and many more.
Claude E. Shannon (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
“Father of Information Technology”
Claude E. Shannon (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
An American mathematician and scientist, to formulate the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
Warren Weaver (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It is called the “Mother of all models” because it integrated the various concepts at work in the field of technological communication.
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The system begins with the information source that produces a message or a series of messages to be communicated.
Information source > message > transmitter > channel > receiver > destination
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Involves both the sender and the receiver as communicators who exchange messages rather than have messages come from a single sender.
Transactional model (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
In the context of studying new media such as the internet.
Interactive Model (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It is a binary and digital way of transmitting analog-type data.
Pulse-code modulation (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He adapted the use of PCM technology for voice communication.
Alec H. Reyes (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It is a secure speech system during World War II. It also used a highly secure one-time-pad (OTP) encryption.
SIGSALY (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He introduced the Universal Turning Machine (UTM)
Alan Turing (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He described a machine equipped with wheels and levers capable of calculating various mathematical equations and store aggregate amounts of data, thus making it more efficient than humans who served as manual computers.
Alan Turing (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
“Father of the Modern Computer”
Alan Turing (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Known as the first “Computing machine”
Alan Turing (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He devised the world’s first programmable computer.
Konrad Zuse (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Was the first Turing-complete digital computer to be created, which became operational in 1941.
Z3 (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
They created the first electronic digital computer called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
John V. Atansoff and Clifford Berry (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The machine was able to solve for variables one at a time until an entire system of equations is solved.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It became the model of the main memory systems of modern computers.
DRAM- Dynamic Random-Access Memory (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
This pioneering computer firm used parts of captured German Magnetophones to build magnetic drums and disks under the alias Project Goldberg.
ERA- Engineering Research Associates (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
This mechanism was used by the US Navy to decipher encryptions and was later developed for computers in US military Universities in both the US and the UK.
Magnetic Drum Memory System (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
He invented the world’s first programmable electronic computer in 1943 called the Colossus.
Tommy Harold Flowers (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
A general-purpose electromechanical computer devised by Howard Aiken and built by IBM.
Harvard Mark 1 (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The creation of the _____________ , nicknamed “The baby computer”, was spearhead by English engineer Fredric “Freddie” Calland Williams and Tom Kilburn.
SSEM -Small-Scale Experimental Machine (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Were the first to commercially mass-produce transistors.
William Shockley and team (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
What is William Shockley and team’s company called?
Fairchild Semiconductors (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It is a center of digital and technological research and development
Silicon Valley (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
They built the “604 Electronic Calculating Punch”
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It was a computer capable of performing basic mathematical operations hundreds of times faster than earlier IBM machines.
604 Electronic Calculating Punch (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The first solid-state computer available on the commercial market.
608 Model (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
is credited for being the first to create patent the integrated circuit (IC) chip.
Jack Kilby (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
They serve as the “Brain of the Computers”
IC - Integrated Circuit (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It was the first IBM Supercomputer that ran completely through transistors.
IBM Stretch Computer (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The first commercially viable storage device that was designed by IBM was the?
Floppy Disk (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
It was used as a reliable and inexpensive system for loading instructions onto mainframes and the central hub of local computer networks.
Floppy Disk (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Is a device that could record and replay sounds without any physical contact between parts, replacing vinyl as recording systems.
CD - Compact Disc (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Was a packet switching network that grouped data in a message into parts or “Packets” that are sent independently to other computers in the system through the most optimal route.
ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Is a collection and interconnection between and among numerous network from around the globe.
Internet (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The WWW was created by?
Tim Berners-Lee (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
known simply as the web, linked CERN computers into a single network that allowed for a quick transfer and sharing of information.
WWW - World Wide Web (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The standard language used to create website and applications
HTML - HyperText Markup Language (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The resource or address of a webpage
URL - Uniform Resource Locator (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
The protocol that defines how information is formatted and distributed on servers and browsers.
HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
Berners-Lee managed to write the very first web page editor called?
WorldWideWeb.app (COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION)
