Chapter 2: Insurance Products - Types (F203 Appx. 2)

Question 1

Liability insurance

Answer 1

Provides INDEMNITY where the insured,
… owing to some form of tort,
… is legally liable to pay compensation to a third party.

Question 2

Tort

Answer 2

A civil wrong or injury,
… not arising out of any contract,
for which action for damages may be sought.

Question 3

Liability insurance claims are usually made on 2 bases:

Answer 3

• breach of contract

- negligence.

Question 4

8 Main types of liability insurance

Answer 4

• Employers’ liability / workers’ compensation
• Motor third party liability
• Marine and aviation liability
• Public liability
• Product liability
• Professional indemnity and errors and omissions (E&O) liability
• Directors’ and Officers’ (D&O) liability
• environmental liability and pollution liability

Question 5

Benefits under any liability insurance

Answer 5

An amount to indemnify the policyholder fully against a financial loss.

However, subject to any statutory requirements, this benefit may be restricted by:

• a maximum indemnity per claim (the sum insured) or an aggregate maximum per year
• a maximum indemnity per event (this may involve more than one claim)
• an excess

Any legal expenses relating to such liability are usually also covered.

An illegal act of negligence will often invalidate the cover.

Question 6

Employers’ Liability

Answer 6

Indemnifies the insured against legal liability to compensate an employee or his or her estate for bodily injury, disease or death suffered, owing to negligence of the employer, in the course of employment.

Loss of - or damage to employees’ property is usually also covered.

Question 7

When might employers be liable

Answer 7

If they are negligent in providing their employees with safe working conditions.
If failing to
- provide a proper working place with proper equipment in which the employee can work
- properly maintain the working place as well as the tools and equipment
- create and enforce proper working procedures and methods

Question 8

The benefit of employers’ liability insurance

Answer 8

Can be in the form of regular payments to compensate for disabilities that reduce the employee’s ability to work, lump sum payments to compensate for permanent injuries to the employee and benefits under the legal framework.

Legal costs will also be covered.
Other costs such as care costs can also be included.

Question 9

Compulsory cover

Answer 9

In many countries, cover is compulsory and may sometimes be provided by State funds to which employers contribute (eg The compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, 1993 in South Africa)

Question 10

Motor third party liability

Answer 10

The insurance indemnifies the owner of a motor vehicle against compensation payable to third parties for personal injury or damage to their property.

Question 11

Motor third party liability:

Possible “heads of damages”

Answer 11

• loss of income (often split between loss of past income and loss of future income, with each considered separately)
• medical and nursing costs (including hospital costs)
• compensation for pain and suffering

Question 12

Motor third party liability

Compulsory cover

Answer 12

In most countries, such cover is compulsory, although precise rules vary - for example the amount of cover required.

Question 13

Motor third party liability:

Compulsory cover in South Africa

Answer 13

In SA, motor liability insurance is not compulsory, unless the car has been bought on credit, in which case comprehensive insurance is compulsory (a condition set by the lending bank).

Question 14

Marine and aviation liability insurance

Answer 14

The insured is indemnified against the legal liability to compensate a third party for bodily injury, death or damage to property arising out of operation of the vessel or aircraft.

Question 15

Public liability insurance

Answer 15

The insured is indemnified against legal liability for the death of or bodily injury to a third party or for damage to property belonging to a third party, other than those liabilities covered by other liability insurance.

Question 16

Public liability insurance:

2 Main types of cover

Answer 16

• the risk at insured’s own premises

- the risk when work is carried out by the insured away from their own premises

Question 17

Product liability insurance

Answer 17

Indemnifies the insured against legal liability for the death of or bodily injury to a 3rd party, or for damage to property belonging to a 3rd party, that results from a product fault.

The policy usually also covers legal costs.
Some policies will include the cost of recalling faulty products that have not actually caused damage.

Question 18

Professional indemnity insurance

Answer 18

Indemnifies the insured against legal liability for losses resulting from negligence in the provision of a service, for example unsatisfactory medical treatment or incorrect advice from an actuary or solicitor.

Question 19

Directors’ and Officers’ Liability insurance

Answer 19

Indemnifies the insured against the legal liability to compensate third parties owing to any wrongful act of the insured in his or her capacity as a director or officer of a company.

Question 20

Directors’ and Officers’ Liability insurance:

Compulsory cover

Answer 20

Holding professional indemnity insurance is often a legal or regulatory condition of being allowed to practise a profession or may be imposed as a condition by a professional body.

Question 21

Environmental liability insurance

Answer 21

The insured is indemnified against the legal liability to compensate third parties as a result of bodily injury, death and damage to property as a result of unintentional pollution for which the insured is deemed responsible.

The costs of cleaning up the pollution and regulatory fines may also be covered.
Gradual and sudden environmental pollution will generally both be covered.

Question 22

Employers’ liability:

3 groups of insured perils

Answer 22

• accidents caused by the negligence of the employer or by other employees
• exposure to harmful substances
• exposure to harmful working conditions

Question 23

Motor third party liability:

2 categories of perils

Answer 23

• loss or damage to the property of third parties caused by the insured vehicle
• bodily injury and death of third parties caused by the insured vehicle.

Question 24

Marine and aviation liability:

4 categories of perils

Answer 24

• loss of or damage to passengers’ property, including luggage
• bodily injury and death of passengers either while on board the vessel or aircraft or when boarding or leaving the aircraft.
• bodily injury caused by the vessel or aircraft
• damage to property caused by the vessel or aircraft

Question 25

Product liability:

Perils (4)

Answer 25

Depend on the nature of the product being produced, but include:

• faulty design
• faulty manufacture
• faulty packaging
• incorrect or misleading instructions

Question 26

Professional indemnity:

Perils

Answer 26

The perils depend on the profession of the insured.

Question 27

Directors’ and Officers’ liability:

Perils

Answer 27

• allowing a company to continue operating in circumstances when it should have been declared insolvent
• any act resulting in the insured being declared unfit for his or her role
• allowing false financial statements to be published

Question 28

Environmental liability:

Perils

Answer 28

The insured perils can be regarded as any incident causing gradual or sudden environmental pollution.

Question 29

Employers’ Liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 29

Most classes of business are written on the basis of when the loss was incurred, (cover relates to the date of the accident rather than the date of reporting of the accident)

Question 30

Employers’ liability:

Problems with the basis of “when the loss was incurred”

Answer 30

• Where an industrial disease results from prolonged exposure, it is hard to define the “accident date”.
• Because many diseases take a very long time to develop fully, there have been extensive reporting delays with employers’ liability.

Question 31

Motor third party liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 31

loss-occurring basis

Question 32

Marine and aviation liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 32

loss-occurring basis

Question 33

Public liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 33

Depends on the exact cover provided, although its likely to be on a losses-occurring basis.

Public liability insurance may be combined with other insurances, eg residential buildings and contents products may include public liaiblity cover.

Question 34

Product liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 34

Usually written on a claims-made basis

Question 35

Environmental liability:

Basis for cover

Answer 35

Policies are likely to be written on a claims-made basis

Question 36

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related :

Employers’ liability

Answer 36

Person-hours worked could be the best exposure when assessing claim frequency.

However, claim settlements are often related to loss of earnings so, in practice the main measure of exposure for employers’ liability is payroll or total wage and salary costs.

Question 37

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Motor third party liability

Answer 37

The sum-insured vehicle-year.

I.e., an agreed monetary premium is charged for the insurance of a single car worth R1 a year.

Question 38

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Marine and aviation liability (5)

Answer 38

• passenger kilometers (number of passengers times km travelled)
• passenger voyages
• in-service seats
• in-service vessels / aircraft

Turnover is still the most commonly used measure (although not accurate)

Question 39

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Public liability

Answer 39

Most commonly used measure of exposure is turnover.

An alternative is payroll.

Question 40

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Product liability

Answer 40

The most commonly used measure of exposure is turnover.

Question 41

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Professional indemnity

Answer 41

The most commonly used measure of exposure is turnover.

Question 42

Measures of exposure to which premiums are related:

Environmental liability

Answer 42

The measure of exposure will depend heavily on the nature of the industry carried out by the insured.

Question 43

2 Causes of settlement delays on liability insurance business

Answer 43

• delays caused by establishing liability

- time to establish the extent of injuries and to assess the speed of recovery

Question 44

Possible causes of accumulations of risk in liability insurance (2)

Answer 44

• court award inflation
• an insurer who provides cover for several employers in the same industry is exposed to the possibility that a large number of claims will emerge from a common cause (eg asbestosis)

Question 45

court award inflation

Answer 45

If there is a court award in favour of a claimant, it may trigger a large number of similar claims from individuals with the same complaint against their employer

Question 46

Risk factors and rating factors:

Employers’ liability and public liability (2)

Answer 46

• type of industry / occupation(s) of the insured

- extent to which the employer implements safety measures

Question 47

underwriting factors:

Employers’ liability and public liability insurance (12)

Answer 47

• type of industry or occupation
• exposure and claims experience
• location of the workforce
• frequency of visitors to the site
• the materials handled
• the processs involved
• safety precaustions in place, eg sprinklers in a factory or office
• turnover
• size of deductible*
• payroll
• level of staff training and safety standards
• provision of first aid facilities

Question 48

Rating factors:

Marine and aviation liability (6)

Answer 48

• loss history
• type of craft or vessel
• commercial category
• satellites and missiles also attract separate rating structure
• use of craft or vessel
• geographic region

Question 49

3 commercial categories of marine/aviation

Answer 49

• commercial
• private
• military

Question 50

Risk factors:
Product liability (6)

Answer 50

• Nature of the products produced by the insured
• the distribution channel of the product
• how much US-exposure the product has (in general, US has more claims likely to be made)
• its usage
• the general trade of policyholder
• any potentially dangerous components within the product, and how quickly they deteriorate

Question 51

Risk factors:

Professional indemnity

Answer 51

Nature of the profession and company.

Question 52

Risk factors:
Environmental liability (4)

Answer 52

• the processes carried out by the insured
• the likely effects of any accident
• the likely cost of clean-up
• a general assessment of the risk management practices of the insured.

Question 53

Property damage insurance

Answer 53

Indemnifies the policyholder against loss of or damage to the policyholders’ own material property

Question 54

10 Types of property subject to such damage

Answer 54

• residential buildings
• commercial and industrial buildings
• moveable property (contents)
• land vehicles
• marine craft
• aircraft
• goods in transit
• construction
• engineering plant and machinery
• crops

Question 55

4 types of land vehicles (subject to damage)

Answer 55

• private motor
• commercial vehicle
• motorcycle
• motor fleet

Question 56

Benefits on:

Household buildings property insurance

Answer 56

The principle of indemnity:
Benefit is the amount required to fully reinstate the property, rather than the market value of the property

The benefit is subject to any excess or deductible.

Ancillary costs may also be covered (but are not standard)

Often include insurance for liabilities arising from the insured property

Question 57

Eg of Ancillary costs wrt Household buildings property insurance

Answer 57

Provision of alternative accommodation while the insured property is uninhabitable

Question 58

Benefits on:

Commercial buildings property insurance

Answer 58

The cover (sum insured) is likely to be for the amount required to fully reinstate the property, although it may be on a first loss basis.

Question 59

When might first loss cover be appropriate (on commercial buildings property insurance)? (3)

Answer 59

• the insured considers that a loss in excess of the sum insured is extremely unlikely
• the item is effectively priceless (eg a stately home) for which there may be no possibility of the building being reinstated
• the insurance is against water damage (where only the ground floor areas may be affected)

Question 60

Benefits on:

Contents insurance

Answer 60

The sum insured is based on the value of the contents

The amount paid on a claim can be:

• the replacement value (the cost of a new item reduced to allow for depreciation)
• the cost of an equivalent brand new item (“new-for-old” basis)

Question 61

Benefits on:

Motor property insurance

Answer 61

The maximum benefit for a claim on the insured’s vehicle is the depreciated value of the vehicle.
This can be as book value, market value or retail value. (book value being the lowest, retail, the highest)

Question 62

Usual cover under comprehensive motor policies (6)

Answer 62

• specific injuries to the insured and/or spouse (fixed benefit)
• personal medical expenses
• the insured’s legal expenses in relation to any claim
• loss or damage to personal effects that were in the car
• replacement of locks after theft of car (if car is recovered)
• replacement / repair of broken windscreens

Question 63

Benefits on:

Marine insurance

Answer 63

• loss of or damage to the craft (“hull insurance”)
• loss of or damage to the cargo

other types:

• compensation for loss of use of the craft (business interruption cover)
• insurance against damage to a vessel still under construction.

The claim will equal the full sum insured in the event of an actual total loss or constructive total loss.

Question 64

“cargo insurance”

Answer 64

Insures the actual contents on the ship

Question 65

“freight” cover

Answer 65

covers the money payable for shipment of the cargo that will not be received if the shipment is not delivered.

Question 66

Actual total loss is deemed to occur in one of 3 ways:

Answer 66

• where the insured item is totally destroyed
• where it is so damaged that it can no longer be classed as the type of object originally insured
• where the insured is irretrievably deprived of the insured item

Question 67

Constructive total loss

Answer 67

where the insured abandons the insured item because an “actual total loss” is unavoidable or because the costs of preventing a total loss exceed the value saved.

Question 68

Goods in transit insurance

Answer 68

Commercial insurance cover against loss of or damage to goods whilst being transported in vehicles specified in the policy.

The periods of loading and unloading are usually covered in addition to the journey.

Question 69

Goods in transit assurance:

Benefits

Answer 69

The sum insured is likely to be the value of the goods.

Losses due to business interruption (eg if equipment is not delivered on time) aren’t usually included.

A special extension is usually required if livestock are to be covered.

Question 70

Construction and engineering insurance

Answer 70

Provide cover against

• damage and destruction during construction / engineering projects and
• also cover in the event of failure to finish the project.

Question 71

Crop insurance

Answer 71

Indemnifies the insured against losses to their crop due to specified perils.

Question 72

Extended warranty insurance

Answer 72

Covers losses arising from the need to replace or repair faulty parts in a product beyond the manufacturer’s normal warranty period.

Question 73

Motor property insurance: perils covered

Answer 73

accidental or malicious damage to the insured vehicle, and fire or theft of that vehicle.

Question 74

Marine hull cover: perils (7)

Answer 74

• perils of the seas (or other navigable waters)
• fire
• explosion
• jettison (goods being thrown overboard in an attempt to save the ship from sinking)
• piracy
• sinking
• damage, etc

Question 75

Sections included under marine property insurance (5)

Answer 75

• marine hull cover
• marine cargo cover
• energy (offshore, onshore and construction)
• liability (third party property)
• specie (more valuable items in transit)
• war

Question 76

“traditional definition of marine insurance”

Answer 76

“anything that a seagull can fly over”

Question 77

perils of goods in transit (3)

Answer 77

• Damage
• loss
• theft

Question 78

Construction insurance perils (5)

Answer 78

• damage
• destruction
• design defect
• faulty parts
• failure to finish the construction project

Question 79

Engineering insurance perils (3)

Answer 79

• Machinery breakdown
• explosion
• electronic failure

Question 80

Extended warranty peril

Answer 80

Faulty manufacture

Question 81

Crop Insurance perils (3)

Answer 81

• disease
• fire
• weather-related perils (storms or drought)

Question 82

Property damage insurance basis for cover

Answer 82

Losses-occurring basis

Question 83

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:
Household property (buildings and contents)

Answer 83

Usually measured in sum insured years: the sum for which the property is insured multiplied by the period at risk.

Question 84

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:
Commercial property (buildings and contents)

Answer 84

Usually the

• sum insured year
• or EML

Question 85

2 Reasons for which the sum insured year is not simple to determine

Answer 85

– the amounts of stocks held may vary considerably over the period of the insurance. Hence, the stock may be covered on a declaration basis, determined retrospectively with an adjustment premium

– there is no standard way of allowing for inflation in the policy. Hence policies with different types of inflation treatment need to be considered separately to determine the exposure.

Question 86

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Motor property

Answer 86

Vehicle-kilometers would probably be the best measure of exposure for damage claims.

Question 87

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Marine property

Answer 87

The insured value of the hull or the value of the cargo might be used as exposure measures (for the hull and contents insurance respectively)

Question 88

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Goods in transit

Answer 88

The consignment value is most commonly used.

Question 89

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Construction

Answer 89

The value of the contract may be used as an exposure measure.

Question 90

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Engineering insurance

Answer 90

The sum insured value or value of the contract may be used as an exposure measure.

Question 91

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Extended warranty

Answer 91

The number of appliances, or appliance-years could be used as an exposure measure.

Question 92

Claim characteristics:

Household and commercial property

Answer 92

The event giving rise to a claim for damage to buildings or contents usually occurs suddenly (as for fire or burglary) and the cause is easily determinable.

Notification is also made promptly and a reasonably good estimate of the claim amount can be made.

Settlement is in many cases by a single payment, but larger claims can take longer and may be settled with intermediate payments as the building project to repair or replace the building proceeds. Delays may be greater where it is necessary to verify the value of the stock held in a commercial property.

Question 93

Claim characteristics:

Motor property

Answer 93

Claims for damage to the insured’s vehicle are usually reported and settled quickly.

Claims for damage to the property of third parties may take slightly longer to settle than claims for damage to the property of the insured.

There may be some delay in settling property claims while the liability for settlement is established.

Generally, delays for settlement of property claims should be in weeks or months rather than years.

Question 94

Claim characteristics:

Marine and aviation property

Answer 94

• Claims are usually reported as soon as the vessel reaches a major port and reporting delays may be very long after the initial advice of the incident
• The insured is likely to notify the insurer of an incident having taken place fairly quickly. However repairs may be deferred until the vessel is scheduled for its next refit, when the full extent of the damage and the likely costs incurred will be reported to the insurer.
• Settlement delays might be long if there is a dispute over legal liability or the amount that should be paid
• Minor damage is often repaired when the vessel goes into dock for routine maintenance
• Claim amounts can vary from relatively small amounts for minor hull damage to small vessels to very large amounts.

Question 95

How might accumulations of risk occur with marine insurance

Answer 95

• Geographical concentration would make an insurer exposed to the possibility of lots of claims arising from one incident (eg storm)
• If a ship spills hazardous material in a populated coastal area, there may be many liability claims

Question 96

Claim characteristics:

Goods in transit

Answer 96

May be reporting delays if claims are not reported until vehicles or vessels reach their destination.

Claim size depends on the goods being transported, while claim frequency depends on the method of transport (land vehicle, marine craft, aircraft).

Question 97

Claim characteristics:

Construction and engineering

Answer 97

Property claims can generally be reported and settled quickly, although as with other classes, serious damage may take relatively long time to repair.

Liability claims will take longer to settle as liability needs to be established before amounts of loss can be determined.

Question 98

Claim characteristics:

Extended warranty

Answer 98

Claim costs are fairly uniform by product, as they are related to the cost of the original product.
Where repairs are covered, there is a risk of multiple repairs being needed, which may increase the claim cost above the original price of the goods.

Question 99

Common rating factors for Household property (buildings and contents) insurance (18)

Answer 99

• sum insured
• number of rooms
• location
• the voluntary or compulsory use of excesses
• whether there is any business use of the property
• whether the policyholder owns or rents the property
• whether it is a house or flat or some other construction
• type and standard of construction
• age of the building
• types of locks and/or burglar alarms fitted
• whether smoke alarms have been fitted
• high risk contents
• dog ownership
• family composition
• smoker / non-smoker
• type of heating
• age of policyholder

Question 100

9 Rating factors for Commercial property insurance

Answer 100

• estimated maximum loss
• age of building
• fire protection equipment
• construction type
• excesses
• location of building
• hazardous building materials

For larger risks:

• qualitative impressions: such as the nature of the adjacent buildings and how well the company is run
• previous claims experience: especially with smaller claims (large claims are so rare that past experience of them is unlikely to be credible)

Question 101

10 Motor property insurance risk factors

Answer 101

• the number of miles driven
• the density of the traffic where the car is driven
• the ability of the driver
• the speed at which the vehicle is usually driven and its general level of performance
• the ease with which the vehicle can be damaged and the cost of repairing it.
• the theft risk
• weight of the vehicle
• fire risk
• Policy excess (it will affect claim size and frequency)
• Other proxy rating factors

Question 102

13 other rating factors used as proxies for risk factors in Motor property insurance

Answer 102

• the use to which the vehicle is put (eg business use)
• the age of the vehicle
• the occupation of the policyholder and other driver
• whether there are additional drivers of the vehicle as well as the policyholder
• sex of the main driver
• age of policyholder and other drivers
• whether or not driving is restricted to certain named drivers
• make and model of vehicle
• the extent of any modification to the engine or body
• location of the policyholder
• where the vehicle is kept overnight (on road / driveway / garage)
• whether or not the driver has any driving convictions
• past experience.

Question 103

4 Important rating factors for fleet motor insurance

Answer 103

• types of vehicles
• type of cover
• level of excess
• types of use and goods carried

Question 104

4 Main risk factors for marine and aviation property

Answer 104

• size
• type
• age
  of the craft / vessel
• nature of the cargo

Question 105

5 Important rating factors for marine and aviation property

Answer 105

• the type and value of the craft
• the scope of the voyages
• the areas covered or the destination
• the number and experience of the crew
• previous claims experience

Question 106

5 rating factors for goods in transit

Answer 106

• mode of transport
• nature of goods
• type of storage used (eg refrigerated)
• time period of transit and number of stages
• length of time spent at warehouse

Question 107

5 rating factors for construction and engineering

Answer 107

• type of project (eg apartments, airport, tunnel)
• term of project
• contracting firm
• materials and technology used
• location of the project

Question 108

3 rating factors for extended warranty

Answer 108

• make and model of the item being covered
• the length of the manufacturer’s warranty
• the term of the warranty

Question 109

5 categories of financial loss insurance

Answer 109

• fidelity guarantee
• credit insurance
• creditor insurance
• business interruption cover (consequential loss)
• legal expenses cover

Question 110

Fidelity guarantee

Answer 110

Covers the insured against financial losses caused buy dishonest actions of its employees.

These include

• loss of money or goods owned by the insured or for which the insured is responsible and
• reasonable fees incurred in establishing the size of the loss (auditors)

Question 111

Fraud

Answer 111

wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain

Question 112

Embezzle

Answer 112

To steal or misappropriate funds placed in one’s trust or under one’s control.

Question 113

Credit insurance

Answer 113

(aka pecuniary loss insurance)

Covers a creditor against the risk that debtors will not pay their obligations.

Question 114

2 Types of credit insurance

Answer 114

• trade credit

- mortgage indemnity

Question 115

Trade credit

Answer 115

May cover uncollectable debts.

Question 116

Mortgage indemnity

Answer 116

Covers the lender (mortgagee) in a mortgage loan against the risk of the borrower defaulting and the value of the property on which the loan is secured not being sufficient to repay the loan.

Question 117

Creditor insurance

Answer 117

(aka payment protection insurance)

Provides cover to insureds who are subject to obligations to repay credit advances or debt.

Question 118

Business interruption cover

Answer 118

(aka consequential loss & loss of profits)
Indemnifies the insured against losses made as a result of not being able to conduct business.

The benefit will be calculated so that after the claim payout the insured achieves the same net profit as they would have if the claim incident did not occur.

Question 119

5 Factors to consider when calculating the benefit on Business interruption cover

Answer 119

• Turnover will drop dramatically after a major fire, but should start building up again as production facilities can be restarted.
• When the policy is taken out, the proposer will need to assess how long it will take to rebuild the business in the event of a major disaster.
• Profit will depend on the proportions of fixed and variable costs incurred by the business. The insured will not be compensated for expenses that are incurred while business is not being conducted.
• Additional temporary costs may also be incurred as a result of the fire
• Assessing what the turnover figure would have been without the fire will also have to take account of:
• – any inherent seasonal variation in the business
• – any organic growth (or shrinkage) in the business itself

Question 120

Legal expenses cover

Answer 120

Indemnifies the insured against legal expenses incurred as a result of:

• legal proceedings being initiated against the insured
• the need for the insured to initiate proceedings

Normally cover payments to legal representatives.

Question 121

Financial insurance: Insured perils

Answer 121

• dishonest actions by employees (fidelity guarantee)
• failure of third parties specified in the policy (credit)
• accident or sickness resulting in loss of income with which to repay debt (creditor)
• fire at the insured’s own property (business interruption cover)
• fire at a neighboring premises causing loss of access to own property (business interruption cover)
• legal proceeding being brought against the insured.

Question 122

Financial loss insurance: Basis for cover

Answer 122

Financial loss insurance is likely to be written on a losses-occurring basis.

Legal expenses insurance is sometimes written on a basis combining losses-occurring and claims-made.

Question 123

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Fidelity guarantee and credit insurance

Answer 123

Measure of exposure will depend on the precise cover provided.

Question 124

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Creditor insurance

Answer 124

The exposure measure for creditor insurance on personal loans is normally the amount of the loan or the total amount repayable.

Question 125

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Business interruption cover

Answer 125

The exposure measure for consequential loss is the annual profit or turnover.

This cannot be known in advance, so adjustment premiums are common once the annual profit or turnover is known.

Question 126

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Legal expenses cover

Answer 126

The number of policyholders or policyholder-years are possible exposure measures for legal expenses insurance.

Question 127

Claim characteristics:

Fidelity guarantee insurance

Answer 127

It may take a long time to discover that there has been fraudulent behaviour by employees, so there may be reporting delays for fidelity guarantee insurance.

Settlement delays could be significant, as it may take time to establish the size of the loss.

Question 128

Claim characteristics:

Credit insurance

Answer 128

The claims experience on mortgage indemnity guarantee insurance depends heavily on economic factors.

The state of the economy also influences the frequency and severity of claims on trade credit insurance.

the size of individual mortgage indemnity claims is unlikely to be too high because the claims are for the gap between the sale value of the property and the outstanding value of the loan,

Question 129

Accumulation of risk with credit insurance

Answer 129

the accumulation risk due to the link to the economy can lead to high aggerage losses for the insurer during tough economic times.

Question 130

Claim characteristics:

creditor insurance

Answer 130

Normally a series of payments made until the insured recovers or the limit on payments is reached.

Frequency of claims depends on factors such as the rate of unemployment and the likelihood of policyholders becoming sick or having accidents.

Question 131

Claim characteristics:

Business interruption cover

Answer 131

For business interruption cover claims, the reporting delays are directly linked to any associated property claim.

Settlement, however is likely to be slower than for property claims, owing to the greater need for diversification.

Question 132

Risk factors and rating factors:

Fidelity guarantee and credit insurance

Answer 132

Fidelity guarantee and trade credit are commercial policies that will be individually underwritten, and the nature of the business and the size of the sums at risk will be taken into account.

Question 133

Risk factors and rating factors:

Creditor insurance cover

Answer 133

Creditor insurance cover for personal loans is usually provided at a fixed price percentage of the amount lent or the total amount repayable.

Risk factors:

• age
• sex
• employment status
• occupation
• state of health
• amount of monthly benefit

Question 134

Risk factors and rating factors:

Business interruption factors

Answer 134

Similar to commercial property and damage insurance

Question 135

Risk factors and rating factors:

Legal expenses cover

Answer 135

Normally based on the sum insured

Question 136

Insured perils:

Personal accident cover

Answer 136

Any form of accident that results in the loss of limbs or other specified injury.

Question 137

Basis for cover:

Personal accident cover

Answer 137

Personal accident insurance will typically be written on a losses-occurring basis

Question 138

Measure of exposure to which premiums are related:

Personal accident cover

Answer 138

The best measure of exposure is sum insured person-years

Question 139

Claim characteristics for personal accident cover

Answer 139

• Usually reported quickly
• Claim frequency tends to be reasonably stable
• Claims can be large

Question 140

Risk factors for personal accident cover

Answer 140

• Sum insured
• occupation
• age
• sex (women less accident-prone)
• health
• dangerous pastimes

Rating factors are the same as the risk factors (they can all be measured.

Question 141

3 Main levels of motor insurance cover

Answer 141

• Third party liability
• Third party, fire and theft
• Comprehensive