Chapter 2 (Individual Behaviour, Personality, Values) Flashcards
What were the 3 early formulas for prediction of performance
- performance = person (characteristics) x situation
- performance = ability x motivation
- ability-motivation-opportunity
What are the 4 variables in the MARS model
- Motivation
- Ability
- Role Perception
- Situational Factors
- -> if one of them is low there is low performance
What is motivation (in MARS model)
the forces within a person that affect his
- direction (path to goal)
- intensity (effort)
- persistence (how long until stopping)
What is ability (in MARS model)
it is the natural aptitudes (talents) and learned capabilites (physical and mental) to successfully complete a task
What are the two elements of competency
- Aptitudes (talents)
- learned capabilities
- -> these are the characteristics of a person that result in better performance
What are the three ways of matching a persons ability with the job requirements
- Only select with required competencies
- train applicants
- adjust job
What is role perception
the degree to which a person understnads the job duties that are assigned and expected
its basically how good the employee knows why he is here and needed
this ranges from role clarity to role ambiguity
What are the three forms of role perception
- understanding duties (for which they are accountable)
- understanding priority of tasks
- understanding preferred behaviour and procedures
What are the two situational factors (in MARS model)
- Work context (time and resources)
2. Cues for guiding and motivation
What are the 5 types of individual (workplace) behaviour
- Task performance (voluntary goal directed behaviour)
- Organizational citizenship
- Counterproductive behaviour
- Joining/staying with organization
- Maintaining attendance
What is task performance and its three types (as a type of individual (workplace) behaviour)
voluntary goal directed behaviour that helps the organization
- Proficient task performance (efficience and accuracy
- Adaptive task perfomance (modifying and adapting output)
- Proactive task performance (initiate ideas and benefits for company)
What is organizatinal citizenship (as a type of individual (workplace) behaviour)
actions and behaviours that help and cooperate with the company (like helping coworkers or attending events)
What are counter productive behaviours (as a type of individual (workplace) behaviour)
Voluntary behaviours that potentialy harm the organization (intentional and unintentional)
What is maintaining work attendance (as a type of individual (workplace) behaviour)
Organizations are more effective when employees do their job at scheduled times and are not absent
still, it is better overall when employees stay home and dont commit presenteism
What is presenteeism
showing up for work even though being sick or having other problems
this reduces their performance more longterm and can also have bad impact on coworkers
What is personality and what does it affect mainly
its the relative enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviours of a person (+ the psychological processes)
it affects mainly the motivation to work (which influences performance)
what are the 5 types of personality and what performance and behaviour type do they affect
- Openness to new experience
- conscientiouness (proficient)
- Extroversion (proficient)
- Agreeableness (good with teams and customer service)
- Neurotism (proficient and adaptive)
Explain the jungian personality theory and the myers briggs type indicator
it has traits that predict performance for
- getting energy (extraversion + introversion)
- percieving information (sensing - intuitive)
- making decisions (thinking + feeling)
- orienting to the external world (judging + percieving)
What are values as a concept
stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes and actions in a variety of situations
they tell us what is good or bad
What is a value system
its a hierachy of values and preferences
it is developed through socialization
this is stable and long lasting
what are the four kinds of values when it comes to groups or individuals
- personal values (individial)
- shared values (groups)
- Organizational values
- cultural values (society)
how are values and personality related
- values tell us what we think is better to do, personality is how we actually do
- values can stand in conflict to each other
what are the ten categories of values
- Universalism (applicable to everything)
- Benevolence (kindness)
- Tradition
- Confomity (matching values)
- Security
- Power
- Achievement
- Hedonism
- Stimulation
- Self-direction
What are the 4 categories of values
- Openness to change
- Conservation
- Self-enhancement
- Self-transcendence
In what 3 ways do values influence decisions
- they shape the attractivness of choices
- they frame perceptions of reality
- motivate us to act in our self-image and concept
- sometimes situaion can weaken these ways
what is values congruence
it is how similar a persons value system is to the one of another
organizations try to keep this up, but it can also be bad to have too much congruence and come incongruence can be benefiting (diversity)
What are ethics
its the study of moral principles or values that determine wheather acitons and outcomes are good and right
What are the 3 ethical principles and its problems
- Utiliarianism (greatest good for greatest number of people
- ->hard to measure and can also be unethical) - Individual rights (everyone has same natural rights
- -> individuals rights may conflict) - Distributive justive (benefits and burdens should be the same
- -> hard to determine
What is moral intensity
the degree to which an issue needs to be treated with ethical principles
What is moral sensitivity
the ability of a person to see recognize an ethical issue and its importance
What 4 factors are associated with a persons moral sensitivity
- knowledge of norms and rules
- experience
- Empathy
- personal view and values
- mindfulness
What is mindfulness
it is a persons attention and awarness to a situation and his/her own thoughts and emotions in a moment
With what 2 methods do organizations try to maintain and improve ethical conduct
- a code of ethical conduct
2. train and evaluate employees on ethical conduct
What are the 5 differences in values across cultures
- Individualsm
- collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Achievement nurturing orientation
Characterise individualism
its the cross cultural value that describes how the culture emphasizes independence and personal uniqueness
it is not the opposite of collectivism, they are uncorreltaed
Characterise collectivism
a cross cultural value that describes how the culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong to and group harmony
it is not the opposite of indivudialism, they are uncorrelated
What is power distance
the cross cultural value which describes how the people value unequal power and being obedient to others higher in hierachy
What is uncertainty avoidance
how much the people in the culture avoid unstructured and uncertain situations (ambiguity)
What is achievement nurturing orientation
how good people see being competitive materialistic and tough. low ANO means that people cooperate and human interaction
What are problems in studyies of cross cultural values
- too small samples
- coutries dont only have one culture
- most are based on outdated researach
