Chapter 2 - Important concepts Flashcards
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles when prokaryotes do not
Archaea
Not known to cause disease
Live in extreme environments
Cell walls are made of glycoproteins
Circular chromosome
Bacteria vs Archaea
Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan while Archaea walls contain glycoproteins
Uses of bacteria
Makes insulin
Used in cheese, yogurt, chocolate
Breaks down dead matter and recycles nutrients in an ecosystem
Shape of bacteria
Coccus, ballicus, and spirillum
Grouping of bacteria
Pairs (diplo-), clumps (staphylo-), strings (strepto-)
Antibiotic resistance
Some bacteria starts out being resistant, once antibiotics are introduced, more and more bacteria start to grow resistant until resistance is dominating the population. It’s possible for them to grow even more resistant and render the antibiotics ineffective
Methanogens
Live in low oxygen environments (marshes, lakes, swamps)
They convert chemical compounds into methane gas
Halophiles
Salt loving, live in the dead sea
Aerobes, receive energy from organic food molecules
Extreme thermophiles
Heat loving, live in hot springs
Optimal temp range is 70 C and 95 C
Psychrophiles
Cold loving, live in Antarctica
Optimal temp range is -10 C to -20 C
Viruses
Small, non-living particles
RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein capsid
No cytoplasm
Cannot grow or reproduce on their own
All are infectious
Difference between viruses and living cells
Viruses are nonliving particles, living cells are living
How viruses work
Takes control of a cell and eventually the cell starts to make copies of the virus
Why are viruses useful in genetic engineering
Viruses can infect certain cells, and some can insert some of their own DNA into the chromosome
Role of protists in ecosystems
Photosynthetic and major producers
Protista kingdom
A group for species that don’t fit anywhere else
Helpful protists
Nori - a type of seaweed used to wrap sushi
Agar - a thickener used in toothpaste, cosmetics, etc
Alternation of generations
Diploid makes spores, spores make haploids, haploids reproduce sexually and create sporophytes
