Chapter 2: Human movement science and corrective exercise

Question 1

common combinations of joint motions the human body uses to move in all three planes of motion

Answer 1

movement patterns

Question 2

the prime mover muscle for a given movement pattern or joint action

Answer 2

agonist

Question 3

a muscle that acts in direct opposition to the prime mover

Answer 3

antagonist

Question 4

when an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint

Answer 4

reciprocal inhibition

Question 5

Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns

Answer 5

synergists

Question 6

muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns

Answer 6

stabilizers

Question 7

the range of muscle contractions used to accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize forces

Answer 7

muscle action spectrum

Question 8

Occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load

Answer 8

eccentric muscle action

Question 9

occurs when a muscle generated force while shortening to accelerate an external load

Answer 9

concentric muscle action

Question 10

the beginning attachment point of a muscle

Answer 10

muscle origin

Question 11

where the end point of a muscle connects back to the skeleton

Answer 11

muscle insertion

Question 12

the joint motion created when a muscle contracts concentrically

Answer 12

isolated muscle function

Question 13

the joint motions created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically

Answer 13

integrated muscle function

Question 14

a muscles point of connection to the nervous system

Answer 14

muscle innervation

Question 15

the human movement system’s response to internal and external enviromental stimuli

Answer 15

motor behavior

Question 16

the data that the central nervous system receives from sensory receptors to determine such things as the body’s position in space and limb orientation as well as information about the environment, temperature, texture, etc.

Answer 16

sensory information

Question 17

the study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the central nervous system to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences

Answer 17

Motor control

Question 18

the utilization of these processes through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capacity to produce skilled movements

Answer 18

motor learning

Question 19

the change in motor behavior over time throughout a person’s life span

Answer 19

motor development

Question 20

a process by which sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior, to higher cortical areas for processing, or both

Answer 20

sensations

Question 21

the integration of sensory information with past experiences or memories

Answer 21

perceptions

Question 22

sensory neurons that carry signals from sensory stimuli toward the central nervous system

Answer 22

afferent

Question 23

motor neurons that carry signals from the central nervous system toward muscles to create movement

Answer 23

efferent

Question 24

the cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the central nervous system

Answer 24

proprioception

Question 25

the ability of the neuromuscular systems to allow agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce and dynamically stabilize the human movement system in all three plans of motion

Answer 25

neuromuscular efficiency

Question 26

the ability of the central nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response

Answer 26

Sensorimotor integration

Question 27

When the body moves in a suboptimal way in response to kinetic chain dysfunction

Answer 27

Movement compensation

Question 28

the utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns for efficient movement

Answer 28

feedback

Question 29

the process by which sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the enviroment

Answer 29

internal (sensory) feedback

Question 30

information provided by some external source, for example, a health and fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor

Answer 30

external (augmented) feedback

Question 31

used after the completion of a movement to inform individuals about the outcome of their performance

Answer 31

knowledge of results

Question 32

provides information about the quality of the movement

Answer 32

knowledge of performance

Question 33

the functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments

Answer 33

sarcomere

Question 34

the collective physiological processes that cause actin and myosin filaments to slide across each other, functionally shortening the muscle as it develops tension

Answer 34

cross-bridge mechanism

Question 35

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at the resting length

Answer 35

length-tension relationship

Question 36

the muscle’s state when the body is standing still; not contracting or stretching

Answer 36

resting length

Question 37

the rate and volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the central nervous system

Answer 37

neural drive

Question 38

occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction

Answer 38

overactive/shortened

Question 39

alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint

Answer 39

muscle imbalance

Question 40

occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state

Answer 40

underactive/lengthened