Chapter 2: Human movement science and corrective exercise Flashcards
common combinations of joint motions the human body uses to move in all three planes of motion
movement patterns
the prime mover muscle for a given movement pattern or joint action
agonist
a muscle that acts in direct opposition to the prime mover
antagonist
when an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint
reciprocal inhibition
Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns
synergists
muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns
stabilizers
the range of muscle contractions used to accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize forces
muscle action spectrum
Occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load
eccentric muscle action
occurs when a muscle generated force while shortening to accelerate an external load
concentric muscle action
the beginning attachment point of a muscle
muscle origin
where the end point of a muscle connects back to the skeleton
muscle insertion
the joint motion created when a muscle contracts concentrically
isolated muscle function
the joint motions created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically
integrated muscle function
a muscles point of connection to the nervous system
muscle innervation
the human movement system’s response to internal and external enviromental stimuli
motor behavior
the data that the central nervous system receives from sensory receptors to determine such things as the body’s position in space and limb orientation as well as information about the environment, temperature, texture, etc.
sensory information
the study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the central nervous system to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor control
the utilization of these processes through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capacity to produce skilled movements
motor learning
the change in motor behavior over time throughout a person’s life span
motor development
a process by which sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior, to higher cortical areas for processing, or both
sensations
the integration of sensory information with past experiences or memories
perceptions
sensory neurons that carry signals from sensory stimuli toward the central nervous system
afferent
motor neurons that carry signals from the central nervous system toward muscles to create movement
efferent
the cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the central nervous system
proprioception
the ability of the neuromuscular systems to allow agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce and dynamically stabilize the human movement system in all three plans of motion
neuromuscular efficiency
the ability of the central nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response
Sensorimotor integration
When the body moves in a suboptimal way in response to kinetic chain dysfunction
Movement compensation
the utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns for efficient movement
feedback
the process by which sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the enviroment
internal (sensory) feedback
information provided by some external source, for example, a health and fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor
external (augmented) feedback
used after the completion of a movement to inform individuals about the outcome of their performance
knowledge of results
provides information about the quality of the movement
knowledge of performance
the functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments
sarcomere
the collective physiological processes that cause actin and myosin filaments to slide across each other, functionally shortening the muscle as it develops tension
cross-bridge mechanism
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at the resting length
length-tension relationship
the muscle’s state when the body is standing still; not contracting or stretching
resting length
the rate and volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the central nervous system
neural drive
occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction
overactive/shortened
alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint
muscle imbalance
occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state
underactive/lengthened
