Chapter 2: Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations Flashcards
How was testing instituted in China during early 2200 B.C.E?
Selecting who, of many applicants, would obtain government jobs.
He argued that chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature according to adaptivity and survival value. He also published a book entitled On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin
He aspired to classify people according to their “natural gifts” and to ascertain their deviation from average. He put his effort in exploring and quantifying individual differences. He also pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation
Francis Galton
He “developed” the product-moment correlation technique
Karl Pearson
He founded the first experimental psychology laboratory founded at the University of Leipzig in Germany. He also tried to formulate a general description of human abilities with respect to variables such as reaction time, perception, and attention span. He focuses on questions relating to how people were similar than different.
Wilhelm Max Wundt
He viewed individual differences as a frustrating source of error in experimentation
Wilhelm Max Wundt
He dealt with individual differences in reaction time and coined the term “mental test”
James McKeen Cattell
He originated the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.
Charles Spearman
He is the Frenchman who would collaborate with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes
Victor Henri
He was an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal
test.
Emil Kraepelin
They published several articles in which they
argued for the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension
Alfred Binet and Victor Henri
They published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence” designed to help identify mentally retarded Paris schoolchildren
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
He introduced a
test designed to measure adult intelligence. For him intelligence was “the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his
environment”
David Weschler
How did group intelligence test came to being?
Group intelligence tests came into being in the United States in response to the military’s need for an efficient method of screening the intellectual ability of World War I recruits.
He developed a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits. The test was disguised as “Personal Data Sheet”. He also developed a personality test for civilian use that was based on the
Personal Data Sheet
Robert Woodworth
