Chapter 2- Heredity And Environment Flashcards
Define protein synthesis
The most significant thing genes do to create proteins
Proteins are molecules that control life
Over 200,000 different proteins have been identified in humans
Molecular genetics include the following ideas
DNA is a complex molecule made up of nucleotides and four different bases
Bases from base pairs that should not vary
Basic units of inheritance are genes- delineated pieces of DNA
There are about 25,000 genes in the human body
When cells divide what happens
DNA assembles into chromosomes
Chromosomes are????
Chains of genes that can be observed directly
All cells contain how many chromosomes
23
First 22 of those pairs are matching are called
Autosomes
The 23rd pair determines?
Sex selection and is labeled XX in females and XY in females
Ones chromosomal makeup can be visualized in
Karyotyopes
Define mitosis
Cells divide and create two cells with identical sets of chromosomes
Define meiosis
Cell division produces ova and sperm, each of which contain one half of the full set of chromosomes
Define genotype
Genes individual inherits
Define genes
Exist in pairs each half of which is n allele
Poly genetic human characteristics are determined by what?
By one gene pair
Sex-linked traits are usually passed by what chromosome?
X chromosome
Genetic mutations tend to happen when?
During mitosis or meiosis when the DNA molecule is altered during cell division
May be beneficial or detrimental
Genetic anomalies involve problems with what
With instructional mechanism of genetic process
Sex-linked disorders occur when?
Occur when gametes do not replicate correctly or when genetic information, even entire chromosomes, are missing or duplicated
How does the environment affect genes? (Epigenetics)
Individuals differ not only in their genes but also in specific ways in which they experience their environments
Environmental forces can change gene expressions
Gene environment interactions occur at many levels
Experience in life can have dramatic effect on later developmental outcomes
Epigenetic modifications may be transmitted to next generation via genetic inheritance
Name some sex linked disorders
Color blindness, chromosomal, fragile x syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, superfemale syndrome, super male syndrome, Turner syndrome
Autosomal disorders, name some of them
Angel man syndrome, cystic fibrosis, huntingtons disease, PKU, sickle cell trait, Tay-sachs, chromosomal, Down syndrome
What does genetic research use
Recombinant DNA technology to reconstruct cells and genes
What does gene therapies involve?
Reinserting genetically altered cells into a person
In vino gene therapy… What does it remove?
Removes viral genes, inserts cloned normal genes and reintroduces retrovirus to patient
What do behavior genetics do?
Tries to understand the genetic origins of behaviors
Incorporates the view that complex traits are determined by interaction of heredity and environment
Looks at statistical correlation, or concordance, of similar characteristics with genes.
Behavior genetics studies include:
Adoption studies/ studies how adopted children resale their adoptive versus their biological parents
Twin studies compares identical twins for traits thought to be heritable
Hard to interpret because no twins environment is identical even within the same home.
Name the basic processes that affect behavior
Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning.
What is applied behavior analysis
Learning principle that uses application to change behavior
Family and culture affect human development? True or false? Explain?
True
Family systems are at heart of human behavior
Families pay critical role in orienting people to society and culture
Siblings share many similar experiences, but no shared experiences and relationships also exist.
Components that affect a child’s development are:
Everyday physical and social settings
Child care and child rearing customs
Overall psychology of the caregivers
Types of cultural influences that affect human development are
Normative age-graded biological and social changes,
normative history graded events such as wars, depressions and epidemics
Nonnormative individual factors such as divorce, unemployment, illness, career changes
Give examples of normative age graded influences
Puberty, menopause, retirement, marrying, having children, graduating school
Give examples of normative history graded influences
Wars, economic boom or depression, epidemics, tech innovations
Non normative influences include
Divorce, illness, unemployment, career changes, moving to a new community, important personal changes
Lifespan development is a complex interaction among important factors likkeeee
Mediating factors- like gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic background- determine how broader cultural historical forces will be experienced
The family will shape ones experience in important ways
Each persons unique personal characteristics will determine how they act on and adapt to the broader context in which life unfolds
In operant conditioning reinforcers increase what
Behavior to be repeated
In operant conditioning punishments decrease what
The probability that a behavior will be repeated
Define genotype
Genetic constitution of an individual or group
Define phenotype
Observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Simple dominance of genes (explain)
When an allele is dominant it’s presence in gene pair has tendency to cause that trait to be expressed characteristic or trait
Define homozygous
Similar alleles
Define heterozygous
Unsimilar genes
Eg parent has different eye color
Polygenic human characteristics are determined byyyy
More than one gene pair
Sex linked traits are passed by what chromosome
X chromosome
