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Human Development > Chapter 2- Heredity And Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Heredity And Environment Flashcards

0
Q

Define protein synthesis

A

The most significant thing genes do to create proteins

Proteins are molecules that control life

Over 200,000 different proteins have been identified in humans

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1
Q

Molecular genetics include the following ideas

A

DNA is a complex molecule made up of nucleotides and four different bases

Bases from base pairs that should not vary

Basic units of inheritance are genes- delineated pieces of DNA

There are about 25,000 genes in the human body

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2
Q

When cells divide what happens

A

DNA assembles into chromosomes

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3
Q

Chromosomes are????

A

Chains of genes that can be observed directly

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4
Q

All cells contain how many chromosomes

A

23

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5
Q

First 22 of those pairs are matching are called

A

Autosomes

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6
Q

The 23rd pair determines?

A

Sex selection and is labeled XX in females and XY in females

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7
Q

Ones chromosomal makeup can be visualized in

A

Karyotyopes

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8
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cells divide and create two cells with identical sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division produces ova and sperm, each of which contain one half of the full set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Define genotype

A

Genes individual inherits

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11
Q

Define genes

A

Exist in pairs each half of which is n allele

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12
Q

Poly genetic human characteristics are determined by what?

A

By one gene pair

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13
Q

Sex-linked traits are usually passed by what chromosome?

A

X chromosome

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14
Q

Genetic mutations tend to happen when?

A

During mitosis or meiosis when the DNA molecule is altered during cell division

May be beneficial or detrimental

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15
Q

Genetic anomalies involve problems with what

A

With instructional mechanism of genetic process

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16
Q

Sex-linked disorders occur when?

A

Occur when gametes do not replicate correctly or when genetic information, even entire chromosomes, are missing or duplicated

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17
Q

How does the environment affect genes? (Epigenetics)

A

Individuals differ not only in their genes but also in specific ways in which they experience their environments

Environmental forces can change gene expressions

Gene environment interactions occur at many levels

Experience in life can have dramatic effect on later developmental outcomes

Epigenetic modifications may be transmitted to next generation via genetic inheritance

18
Q

Name some sex linked disorders

A

Color blindness, chromosomal, fragile x syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, superfemale syndrome, super male syndrome, Turner syndrome

19
Q

Autosomal disorders, name some of them

A

Angel man syndrome, cystic fibrosis, huntingtons disease, PKU, sickle cell trait, Tay-sachs, chromosomal, Down syndrome

20
Q

What does genetic research use

A

Recombinant DNA technology to reconstruct cells and genes

21
Q

What does gene therapies involve?

A

Reinserting genetically altered cells into a person

22
Q

In vino gene therapy… What does it remove?

A

Removes viral genes, inserts cloned normal genes and reintroduces retrovirus to patient

23
Q

What do behavior genetics do?

A

Tries to understand the genetic origins of behaviors

Incorporates the view that complex traits are determined by interaction of heredity and environment

Looks at statistical correlation, or concordance, of similar characteristics with genes.

24
Q

Behavior genetics studies include:

A

Adoption studies/ studies how adopted children resale their adoptive versus their biological parents

Twin studies compares identical twins for traits thought to be heritable

Hard to interpret because no twins environment is identical even within the same home.

25
Q

Name the basic processes that affect behavior

A

Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning.

26
Q

What is applied behavior analysis

A

Learning principle that uses application to change behavior

27
Q

Family and culture affect human development? True or false? Explain?

A

True

Family systems are at heart of human behavior
Families pay critical role in orienting people to society and culture
Siblings share many similar experiences, but no shared experiences and relationships also exist.

28
Q

Components that affect a child’s development are:

A

Everyday physical and social settings

Child care and child rearing customs

Overall psychology of the caregivers

29
Q

Types of cultural influences that affect human development are

A

Normative age-graded biological and social changes,

normative history graded events such as wars, depressions and epidemics

Nonnormative individual factors such as divorce, unemployment, illness, career changes

30
Q

Give examples of normative age graded influences

A

Puberty, menopause, retirement, marrying, having children, graduating school

31
Q

Give examples of normative history graded influences

A

Wars, economic boom or depression, epidemics, tech innovations

32
Q

Non normative influences include

A

Divorce, illness, unemployment, career changes, moving to a new community, important personal changes

33
Q

Lifespan development is a complex interaction among important factors likkeeee

A

Mediating factors- like gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic background- determine how broader cultural historical forces will be experienced

The family will shape ones experience in important ways

Each persons unique personal characteristics will determine how they act on and adapt to the broader context in which life unfolds

34
Q

In operant conditioning reinforcers increase what

A

Behavior to be repeated

35
Q

In operant conditioning punishments decrease what

A

The probability that a behavior will be repeated

36
Q

Define genotype

A

Genetic constitution of an individual or group

37
Q

Define phenotype

A

Observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment

38
Q

Simple dominance of genes (explain)

A

When an allele is dominant it’s presence in gene pair has tendency to cause that trait to be expressed characteristic or trait

39
Q

Define homozygous

A

Similar alleles

40
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Unsimilar genes

Eg parent has different eye color

41
Q

Polygenic human characteristics are determined byyyy

A

More than one gene pair

42
Q

Sex linked traits are passed by what chromosome

A

X chromosome

Human Development (2 decks)

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