Chapter 1 - Introduction To Human Development Flashcards
Define Developmental psychologists
Psychologists whose primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events
Define development
The changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior of a person as a result of both biological and environmental influences
Define developmental period or stage
A discreet period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur
Define a individualistic culture
Personal interest ^
Define a collectivist culture
Interest for others ^
Name the four domains of human development
Physical, cognitive, personality, and sociocultural
Define theories
Broad frameworks of understanding, organized, coherent sets of ideas that help us understand, explain, and make predictions.
Basic ideas of theories include:
- no theory is either right or wrong
- it is best to consider what each theory contributes and to use knowledge to better understand the phenomenon being studies
- theories are based on data
- all theories change over time
Name the four theoretical frameworks for human development
Biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive
Name the three biological views of human development
Genetics, developmental neuroscience, evolution and natural selection.
Genetics- biological instructions encoded in human genome
Developmental neuroscience- brain science, behavior
Evolution- focuses on adaptation of a species to it’s environment
Name two psychologists that approached the psychodynamic approach
Signing Freud and Erik erikson
Define a psychodynamic approach
Role of unconscious mind and interactions of psychic processes emphasized
Signings Freud thought of two theories in regards to the psychodynamic approach define them
The three processes (id, superego, ego)
Erik erikson had theories in regards to psychosocial theory, what did did it emphasize?
It emphasized individual and social interactions in which people pass through eight stages
Name the first three psychosexual stages of Freud
Oral, anal, and phallc
Oral- infant experiences pleasure of mouth lips and oral activities especially sucking
Anal- (18ms- 3 years) - child’s pleasure focuses on the anus and the elimination functions
Phallic- child’s pleasure focuses on the gentilas, especially through masturbation
Name the last two stages of frauds psyxhosexual stages and explain
Latency- child represses sexual interests and focuses on cognitive and developing cognitive and interpersonal akills
Genital- adolescence triggers the reemergence of sexual impulses with gratification dependent on finding a partner.
Name three psychologists that dealt with behavioral views in regards to human development
Pavlov- classical conditioning
Bf skinner- operant conditioning (rewarding vs punishment)
Bandura- social learning theory
What we learn from observing others
Name the two psychologists that had a primordial theory on the cognitive views in regards to psychology
Jean Piaget- posited processes of assimilation, accommodation, and schemes, or frameworks, of knowledge
Lev vygotsky- emphasized the importance of learning from other ppl
Name the four stages of Piaget in regards to cognitive development
Sensorimotor, per operational, concrete operational, formal operational
What psychologist introduced an integrative approach? And what did he propose?
Lev vygotsky
Proposed cognitive development is apprenticeships
Argued learning is transmitted through shared meanings of objects and events
Emphasized role of experts or more skilled other in guided participation
What do integrative approaches focus on?
Broader focus on all contexts in which humans develop are involved
Name another integrative approach psychologist
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developed bio ecological model that emphasizes interaction between individual and family and societal forces
Systems approach:
Integrates biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and ecological perspectives.
Define the bio ecological model
The bioecological model basically tells us that each persons development is influenced by a broad set of biological and environmental factors that continually interact as development unfolds across time.
Influences of family and culture are especially important
Lifespan development is:
Lifelong, multi-dimensional, multi directional, plastic, context dependent, historically and culturally embedded, multidisciplinary.
The scientific approach to studying human development are:
Methods include
Descriptive
Longitudinal studies
Correlation all research
Experiments
Name the descriptive methods used to approach human development
Case studies Systematic observation Queationnaires Surveys Interviews Psychological tests
Case studies include
Compilation of information on individual, family, or community through interview, observations, and formal testing
Baby biography
Systematic observation is:
An observational method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being as unobtrusive as possible
- naturalistic
- laboratory observation
Psychological tests include or measure:
Measurement of intellegence or personality traits
Must becarefully constructed and administered so that accurate results are obtained
Studying development across time:
Include three designs explain them
Longitudinal- same participants are studied at various points in time to see how they change with age.
Cross sectional- compares individuals of different ages at one point in time
- confounding
- cohort effects
Sequential cohort design several overlapping cohorts of different ages are studies longitudinally
Correlational research includes three coefficients name them and describe them
Correlation- research technique that describes relationship between two variables
Correlation coefficient- research technique that describes relationship, or correspondence between to variables.
Causation- correlation tells us nothing about causation.
