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Child Development > Chapter 2 Heredity And Conception, Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Heredity And Conception, Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits and characteristics from parent to child by genes

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2
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that are composed of genes and found within nuclei of cells, rod shaped

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4
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity composed of DNA

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5
Q

Polygenic

A

Resulting from many genes

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6
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates, sugars, and bases

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7
Q

Zygote

A

An egg formed when the sperm and ovum join together

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

The form of cell division when chromosomes split lengthwise to double in number

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A sudden variation in a heritable characteristic affecting the composition of genes

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

The form of cell division in which each pair of chromosome splits and one member of each pair moves to the cell

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11
Q

Auto some

A

A member of a pair of chromosomes with the exception of sex chromosomes

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12
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

A chromosome that determines the sex of a child. X for a girl and Y for a boy.

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13
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Twins that derive from a single zygote that split into two identical twins

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14
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Twins that derive from two zygotes

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15
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an ovum from an ovary

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16
Q

Allele

A

A member of a pair of genes

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles

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19
Q

Dominant Trait

A

A trait that is expressed

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20
Q

Recessive Trait

A

A trait that is not expressed when the gene of genes involved have been paired with dominant genes. The traits are transmitted to future generations and expressed if paired with other recessive genes

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21
Q

Carrier

A

A person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them

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22
Q

Multifactoral Problems

A

Problems that stem from heredity and environmental factors interacting

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23
Q

Down Syndrome

A

A chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual disability and caused by an extra 21st chromosome. Also known as Trisomy 21.

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24
Q

Sex-linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Abnormalities that are transmitted from generation to generation, carried by a sex chromosome, usually an X sex chromosome.

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25
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder found among males that is caused by an X sex chromosome and is characterized by infertility and mild intellectual disability

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26
Q

Testosterone

A

A male sex hormone produced mainly by the testes

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27
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder found among females that is caused by having a single X chromosome and characterized by infertility

28
Q

Estrogen

A

A female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries

29
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

A genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual disability

30
Q

Huntington Disease

A

A fatal genetic neurological disorder whose onset is in middle age

31
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia

A

A disorder decreasing the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen

32
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

A fatal disorder that destroys the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

33
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

When mucus obstructs the lungs and pancreas

34
Q

Hemophilia

A

When blood does not clot properly

35
Q

Sex-linked abnormalities

A

Abnormalities resulting from genes found on the X sex chromosome.

36
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

A chronic disease characterized by wasting away of the muscles

37
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

Advice concerning the probabilities that a couple’s children will show genetic abnormalities

38
Q

Prenatal

A

Before birth

39
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A procedure for drawing out and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine whether disorders are present

40
Q

Spina Bifida

A

A neural tube defect that causes abnormalities of the brain and spine

41
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

A method for the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fluid

42
Q

Uterus

A

The organ in females where the embryo and fetus develop

43
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear

44
Q

Sonogram

A

A procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo and fetus

45
Q

Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay

A

A blood test assesses the mother’s blood level of alpha feta protein, a substance linked to neural fetal tube defects

46
Q

Reaction Range

A

The variability in the expression of inherited traits influenced by environmental factors

47
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic form of a person as determined by heredity

48
Q

Phenotype

A

The actual form of a person determined by heredity or environmental factors

49
Q

Canalization

A

The tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns by undergoing environmentally induced change

50
Q

Passive Genetic-Environmental Correlation

A

The correlation between the genetic endowment parents give their children and the environments in which they place their children

51
Q

Evocative Genetic-Environmental Correlation

A

The correlation between the child’s endowment and the response the child elicits from other people

52
Q

Active Genetic-environmental Correlational

A

The correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the choices the child makes about which environment they will seek

53
Q

Niche-Picking

A

Choosing environmental conditions that foster one’s genetically transmitted abilities and interests

54
Q

Epigenesis

A

The view that development reflects continual bidirectional exchanges between genotypes and environmental conditions

55
Q

Autism

A

A developmental disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior

56
Q

Conception

A

The union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosome of each of these cells combine to form 23 pairs

57
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

A tube through which ova travel from an ovary to the uterus

58
Q

Endometrium

A

The inner lining of the uterus

59
Q

Spontaneous Abortion

A

Accidental abortion, unplanned, also called miscarriage

60
Q

Motility

A

Self-Propulsion

61
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

An infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair fertility

62
Q

Endometriosis

A

Inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menustration, the condition is characterized by abdominal pain and infertility

63
Q

In Vitro Fertilization

A

Fertilization of an ovum or laboratory dish

64
Q

Donor IVF

A

The transfer of a donor’s ovum fertilized in a laboratory dish to the uterus of another woman

65
Q

Embryonic Transplant

A

The transfer of an embryo from the uterus of one woman to another

66
Q

Surrogate Mother

A

A woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a child who is given to another woman, typically the spouse of a sperm donor

67
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum

Child Development (3 decks)

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