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SPHL Basic Statistics Review > Chapter 2: Health Data & Data Distributions > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Health Data & Data Distributions Flashcards

2.1 Create frequency distributions of nominal data 2.2 Calculate proportions, percentages, ratios, and rates 2.3 Create simple and grouped frequency distributions 2.4 Use cross-tabulations 2.5 Distinguish between various forms of graphic presentations

1
Q

How do Public Health researchers use formulas and statistical techniques?

A
  1. To organize raw data, and

2. To test hypotheses

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2
Q

How do Public Health researchers use frequency tables?

A

To make raw data, which is often difficult to synthesize, easier to understand.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a frequency distribution of nominal data?

A
  1. Title
  2. Two columns
  3. Left column: characteristics
  4. Right column: frequency (f)
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4
Q

What are some ways to summarize categorical/nominal data?

A
  1. Frequency distributions (tables)
  2. Comparisons of frequency distributions (tables)
  3. Calculations of proportions, percentages, ratios, and rates
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5
Q

Why do researchers synthesize raw data?

A

In order to observe any patterns which might yield useful hypotheses, which can be tested

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6
Q

Why compare frequency distributions?

A

To clarify results and add information

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7
Q

What is a proportion?

A

A comparison of the number of cases to the total size of a distribution

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8
Q

What is the purpose of a proportion or a percentage?

A

The comparison of groups of different sizes

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9
Q

What is the formula for a proportion?

A

P = f/N

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10
Q

What is a percentage?

A

The frequency of occurrence of a category per 100 cases

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11
Q

What is the formula for a percentage?

A

% = (100) f/N

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12
Q

What is a ratio?

A

A comparison of the frequency of one category to another

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13
Q

What is the formula for a ratio?

A

Ratio = f1/f2

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14
Q

What is a rate?

A

A comparison of actual occurrences to potential occurrences

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15
Q

What is the formula for a rate?

A

Rate = f actual cases/f potential cases)

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16
Q

How are grouped frequency distributions of interval/ratio data used?

A

To clarify the presentation of interval-level scores spread over a wide range

17
Q

What are class intervals?

A

Smaller categories or groups containing more than one score

18
Q

How is a class interval frequency determined?

A

By the number of score values (units of observation) the category contains

19
Q

What is a class limit?

A

The midpoint between class intervals

20
Q

How is the size of a class interval determined?

A

By calculating the distance between the upper and lower limits of the class interval

21
Q

What is the midpoint of a class interval?

A

The middlemost score value in a class interval

22
Q

Why are midpoints important?

A

Midpoints are used to represent a class interval when it has to be represented by a single point.

23
Q

What is a cumulative frequency?

A
  • The total number of cases having a given
    score or a score that is lower
  • Shown as “cf”
24
Q

How is a cumulative frequency obtained?

A

By calculating the sum of frequencies in a category plus all the lower categories’ frequencies

25
Q

What is a cumulative percentage?

A
  • The percentage of cases having a given score or a
    score that is lower
  • Shown as “c%”
26
Q

What is a percentile?

A

The percentage of cases falling at or below a certain score

27
Q

What are deciles?

A

Points that divide a distribution into 10 equal portions

28
Q

What are quartiles?

A

Points that divide a distribution into quarters

29
Q

What is a median?

A

The point that divides a distribution in two, half above it and half below it

30
Q

Name 5 forms of graphic representation of data

A
  1. Pie charts
  2. Bar charts - Nominal and ordinal data
  3. Histograms
  4. Frequency polygons (line charts)
  5. Maps
31
Q

What is the formula for calculating the midpoint of a class interval?

A

m = lowest score value + highest score value/2

32
Q

What is the formula for calculating cumulative percentage?

A

c% = (100) cf/N

33
Q

What is the formula for calculating the size of a class interval?

A

i = U - L

SPHL Basic Statistics Review (3 decks)

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