Chapter 2 ; Germany and the Depression Flashcards
What caused the Great Depression?
the Wall Street Crash
When did the Wall Street Crash happen?
october 1929
When did Gustav Stresseman die?
october 1929
What caused the Wall Street Crash?
American people not satisfied with profit from shares so decided to sell
How did the selling of shares in America cause the WSC?
prices dropped and shares became of no value
Why did the WSC affect Germany?
American banks wanted loans back from Germany
What were the political impacts of the Great Depression in Germany?
popularity for extremist parties grew
How many votes did the Communists get in 1930, the year following the WSC?
77 (from 54)
How many votes did the Nazis get in 1930, the year following the WSC?
107 (from 12)
What were the economic impacts on Germany following the Great Depression?
wanted loans bank
factories closed
Why did German businesses go bankrupt after the WSC?
- America wanted loans back
- Germany tried to reclaim from businesses
- went bankrupt
What happened to the German businesses after the WSC?
went bankrupt
What happened to German factories after the WSC?
shut down
Why did German factories shut down after the WSC?
- America had bought German goods
- Americans could no longer afford
- factories shut down
What were the social impacts on Germany after the WSC?
jobless
homeless
hungry
angry at leaders
What happened to savings in Germany as a result of the Great Depression?
became worthless
What affects did the Great Depression have on Germany?
- taxes increased
- wages decreased
How much did wages of workers decrease by from 1928 to 1933?
in 1933 wages were 70% of 1928 wages
What were set up as a result of homelessness during the GD in Germany?
shanty towns
Why did violence and crime increase during the GD in Germany?
boredom became violence
How much did arrests for theft increase by during the GD in Germany?
increased by 24%
Why was the unemployment benefit harder to pay during the GD?
so many unemployed
What affect did the difficulty of paying unemployment benefit have on Germans?
taxes increased
unemployment benefit decreased
How many people were unemployed in september 1929?
1.3 million unemployed
How many people were unemployed in september 1931?
4.3 million unemployed
How many people were unemployed in september 1932?
5.1 million unemployed
How many people were unemployed in january 1933?
6.1 million
What was the original name for the Nazis?
German workers’ party
Who set up the German workers’ party?
Anton Drexler
When was the German workers’ party set up?
1919
When did Hitler join the Nazi Party?
September 1919
When did Hitler become second in command in the Nazi Party?
1920
When did Hitler become leader of the Nazi party?
1921
What did the introduction of Hitler mean for the Nazi party?
introduced SA
swastika
new name
25 point programme
What were the SA?
brown shirts
disrupted opposition
Who did Hitler put in charge of the brown shirts?
Ernst Rohm
What did Hitler change the name of the German workers’ party to?
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
When were the lean years?
1924 to 1928
Why did the Nazis have limited support during the lean years?
Stresseman was chancellor
- increased support for Weimar
- economy was strong
What were some successes of the lean years?
mein kampf
1928 ; 100,000 members
1924 election ; 32 seats
SS set up
What were the SS?
black shirts
personal bodyguards to Hitler
Who was in charge of the SS?
Heinrich Himmler
How many members did the Nazi party have in 1928?
100,000
How many seats did the Nazis get in the Reichstag in 1924?
32 seats
What were some failures of the nazi party during the lean years?
Hitler in prison
little support
1928 election ; 12 seats
How many seats did the Nazi party get in the Reichstag in the 1928 election?
12 seats
What were the short term causes to the Munich Putsch?
invasion of Ruhr
hyperinflation
What were the medium term causes to the Munich Putsch?
Mussolini took Rome in 1922
stab in back payment
support from Bavarian government
How did the Bavarian government support the Nazis?
turned a blind eye to violence
How did the support of the Bavarian government benefit the Nazis?
50,000 members in november 1923
How many members did the Nazis have in november 1923?
50,000
What were the long term causes to the Munich Putsch?
hatred for Weimar
What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch?
Hitler arrested
32 seats in 1924
How long was Hitler sentenced for treason?
5 years
What was Hitler put in prison for after the Munich Putsch?
treason
How long did Hitler serve for treason?
9 months
Where was Hitler put in prison?
landensberg prison
What did Hitler use his trial to do?
spread ideologies
Why did Hitler choose to do the Munich Putsch?
- inspired by Mussolini
- pressure gov
- gain support
When did Mussolini take Rome?
1922
What was relevant about the timing of the Munich Putsch?
hyperinflation
Stresseman had called off passive resistance - looks as if surrendering to French
What does the word ‘Putsch’ mean?
attack
How many Nazis were involved in the Munich Putsch?
3000 nazis
How many storm troopers were involved in the Munich Putsch?
600 stormtroopers
Who was Von Kahr?
Bavarian state leader
Who was Von Seisser?
head of Bavarian police
Who was Von Lossow?
head of Germany army in Bavaria
Who was Lundendorf?
senior army general from WWI
What were Hitler and the nazis met by in the Munich Pustch?
armed police
Why were Hitler and the nazis met by armed police in the Munich Pustch?
Von Seisser and Von Lossow organised armed police
Who went back on their word in the Munich Putsch?
Von Seisser and Von Lossow
How many nazis were killed in the Munich Putsch?
16 nazis killed
How many police were killed in the Munich Putsch?
3 police killed
What caused the Nazi party to grow?
The Great Depression
German discontent
appeal of Hitler
Fear of extremism
nazi structure
Who supported the nazis?
farmers
women
upperclass
middleclass
youth
Why did German discontent lead to growth of the Nazis?
- Weimar unable to solve
- looked to extremist parties because they had lost faith in democracy
Why did the Nazi structure lead to growth of the Nazis?
Munich Putsch
beliefs
propganda
Hitler youth
SA
Why did the appeal of Hitler lead to growth of the Nazis?
persuasive, convincing, trustworthy
Why did the fear of extremism lead to growth of the Nazis?
communist revolution in Russian
could have happened
Why did farmers vote for the Nazis?
- Nazis promised higher crops for prices
- opposed communists who would seize farms
Why did women vote for the nazis?
- motherhood gave role to women and improved status
- Weimar culture had been a bad influence
Why did the youth vote for the Nazis?
- abolish ToV
- many jobs promised
Why did the middle class vote for the nazis?
- feared communists
- also feared break down of law and order - Nazi appeared organised
Why did the upperclass vote for the nazis?
- weapon making promised profit
- fear communists would control factories
- promised strong industrial country
Why did the Munich Putsch lead to growth of the Nazis?
changed tactics
grew in popularity
How did Hitler change tactics after the Munich Putsch?
win vote democratically
Nazis offices set up
How many members of the SA were there in 1931?
100,000 members
How many SA members were there in 1932?
400,000 members
How did the Great Depression lead to growth of the Nazis?
public lost hope in Weimar
Jewish as scapegoat
How did Nazi beliefs lead to growth of the Nazis?
- 25 point programme
- old age pensions increase
- dictatorship ; royalists, nationalists
How did propaganda lead to growth of the Nazis?
appeared organised amid chaos
How did the Hitler Youth Organisation lead to growth of the Nazis?
control youth -> control future
When did the Communist Revolution happen in Russia?
1917
Who supported the Nazis as a result of the threat of a Communist Revolution?
middle and upper class
christians
Why did the threat of a communist revolution cause christians to support the Nazis?
communists would ban religious institutions
-> nazis opposed communists
Why did the threat of a communist revolution cause upper and middle class to support the Nazis?
communists would take control of businesses
-> nazis opposed communists
What was the order of the Chancellors between 1932 and 1933?
Burning
Papen
Schleicher
Hitler
What did Bruning do in April 1932?
banned SA and SS
Why did Bruning ban SA and SS in April 1932?
control Nazis
Who removed Bruning as as Chancellor?
Schleicher
Why did Schleicher remove Bruning as Chancellor?
came into conflict
How did Schleicher remove Bruning as Chancellor?
organised coalition to convince Hindenburg
Who made up the coalition that Schleicher formed to remove Bruning?
landowners
army generals
industrialists
Who did Scheilcher replace Burning with?
Von Papen
When did Von Papen become Chancellor?
May 1932
Who did Schleicher invite to the coalition in May 1932?
the Nazis
Why did Schleicher invite the Nazis to the coalition?
believed he could control them
When did Schliecher invite the Nazis to the coalition?
May 1932
Why did Hitler demand he should be appointed the Chancellor after the July 1932 election?
biggest party in Reichstag
How many seats did the Nazis get in the July 1932 election?
230 seats
How many seats did the Nazis get in the November 1932 election?
196 seats
Why did Papen call for the November 1932 election?
hoped Nazis would fall but they remained biggest party
Why did Papen resign after the November 1932 election?
had no support in the Reichstag
How many business tycoons signed a letter asked for Hitler as Chancellor?
39 business tycoons
When did Hindenburg appoint Schleicher as Chancellor?
December 1932
What did Schleicher ask Hindenburg for?
suspension of constitution and to be head of military
Why did Schleicher ask for suspension of constituion and to be head of the military?
Hitler and Papen were conspiring against him
Why did Schleicher lose all remaining support in Reichstag?
plan to become head of military and to suspend constitution was leaked
What did Papen tell Hindenburg they could do if Hitler was Chancellor?
make all decisions
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
30th January 1933
How did Hindenburg feel about Hitler?
he hated him
How did Hitler become Chancellor?
democratically and legally
Who was Von Hindenburg?
President of Weimar Germany
What did Hindenburg do to undermine Republic?
used Article 48 and governed by decree
How did Papen and Schleicher undermine the Republic?
wanted to move away from elections and have country run by land owners and indsutrialists
Who underestimated Hitler?
Papen, Schleicher, Hindenburg
Who was vice chancellor with Hitler?
Papen
How did Hitler’s role as Chancellor allow him to become Furher?
- controlled police and newspapers
- arranged March 1933 election
How did the Reichstag Fire allow Hitler to become Furher?
- Van der Lubbe arrested
- protection of people and state
When did the Reichstag fire happen?
a week before voting in March 1933 election
Who was arrested for the Reichstag fire?
Van der Lubbe
How did the protection of people and state allow Hitler to become Furher?
- Hitler could arrest unconditionally
- banned Communist newspapers + campaigns
Why did Hindenburg agree to the Protection of People and State?
threat of Communist overthrowing Weimar
How many communists were jailed as a result of the Protection of People and State?
4000 communists jailed
Who did Hitler convince to join the Nazis in March 1933?
Centre Party
How did Hitler achieve a majority in the Reichstag to vote for the Enabling Law?
joined Centre Party with Nazis
How many votes were to and against the Enabling Law?
444 for
94 against
How did the Enabling Law allow Hitler to become Furher?
did not have to consult Reichstag for 4 years
What caused the Nazi Revolution?
Enabling Law
What was the Nazi Revolution?
6 month rapid change as a result of Enabling Law
What did the Enabling Law mean Hitler could do?
pass laws quickly and easily
In the nazi era, how many times did the Reichstag meet?
12 times in 11 years
How did Hitler’s new powers as Chancellor allow him to become Furher?
- banned trade unions and political parties
- replaced Lander gov with Nazis
- made first concentration camp
- set up Gestapo
What did Hitler’s banning of trade unions mean for workers?
striking became illegal
no one to represent them
Where did Hitler set up the first concentration camp?
Dachau
When did Hitler set up the first concentration camp?
April 1933
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30th June 1934
What caused the Night of the Long Knives?
- threatened by Ernst Rohm
- German army disliked SA
- believed violent behaviour no longer appropiate
Why did the German army dislike the SA?
- Rohm spoke of merging the 2
- SA outnumbered army
Who carried out the Night of the Long Knives?
SS (blackshirts)
How many were executed for treason on the Night of the Long Knives?
77 men
How many SA members were killed on the Night of the Long Knives?
200 SA members killed
How many were killed on the Night of the Long Knives?
400 men killed
What was the aim of the Night of the Long Knives?
remove opposition to Hitler
Give an example of a political leader killed as part of the Night of the Long Knives
Von Schleicher
Give an example of a SA leader killed as part of the Night of the Long Knives
Ernst Rohm
-> shot in prison cell after he refused to commit suicide
How did the death of Hindenburg allow Hitler to become Furher?
letters found stating Hindenburg wanted Hitler to succeed him
How did Hitler get support of army?
oath of loyalty personally to Hitler
When was the vote held to decide if Hitler was wanted as Furher?
19th of August 1934
How many people agreed Hitler should be Furher?
90% agreed
What began as Hitler became Furher?
third reich began
