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University Anthropology > Chapter 2 - Genetics & Processes of Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Genetics & Processes of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 different definitions of Evolution?

A
  1. “Descent with modification”
  2. A change in the genetic structure of a population from generation to generation
  3. A change in the frequency of genes over time
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2
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

Adaptation - an anatomical, physiological, or behavioural response to the environment.

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3
Q

Define “Monogenic”

A

coded for by one gene (one set of alleles) - pea wrinkled or smooth

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4
Q

Define “Polygenic”

A

coded for by more than one gene (more than one set of alleles) - hair colour, skin colour

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5
Q

Why can “blending” of features be seen in some physical characteristics, even though particulate inheritance is how genes are passed down?

A

The complex interaction of multiple genes can cause the appearance of blending - also, some alleles are CODOMINANT, which means neither trait is suppressed and therefore both traits can be visible

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6
Q

Define “genotype” Hint - Gene

A

Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual.

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7
Q

Define “phenotype” Hint - starts with Ph

A

Phenotype: the observable physical characteristics of an organism.

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8
Q

Define “Adaptive Radiation”

A

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of multiple divergent species from a single, less specialized species (e.g. Darwin’s Finches)`

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9
Q

Who was the other guy who released a book on evolution around the same time Darwin did?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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10
Q

What are the 8 tenets of natural selection?

A
  1. There is variation in all species
  2. Variation is heritable
  3. Some variants are better equipped to deal with their environment
  4. If left unchecked, every organism will produce more offspring than can survive
  5. More offspring with better adapted variants will survive
  6. Offspring will have the adaptations of their parents
  7. Over time, this will result in a change in population to resemble the better-adapted variants
  8. As populations of a species become geographically separated from each other, they adapt to their different environments. Over time these populations may become distinct species.
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11
Q

What is the first tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. There is variation in all species
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12
Q

What is the second tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. Variation is heritable
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13
Q

What is the third tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. Some variants are better equipped to deal with their environment
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14
Q

What is the fourth tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. If left unchecked, every organism will produce more offspring than can survive
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15
Q

What is the fifth tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. More offspring with better adapted variants will survive
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16
Q

What is the sixth tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. Offspring will have the adaptations of their parents
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17
Q

What is the seventh tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. Over time, this will result in a change in population to resemble the better-adapted variants
18
Q

What is the eighth tenet of natural selection?

A
  1. As populations of a species become geographically separated from each other, they adapt to their different environments. Over time these populations may become distinct species.
19
Q

Define “Niche”.

A

Niche: the role of a species in its environment. Adaptive radiation happens when there are open niches.

20
Q

Define “Natural Selection”.

A

Natural Selection: genetic changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals.

21
Q

What are the four fundamentals of evolutionary change produced by natural selection?

A
  1. A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it
  2. Natural Selection cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics.
  3. Fitness is relative to the environment a species inhabits.
  4. Natural Selection can only act on traits that affect the well-being of the individual BEFORE they reproduce. For example, Alzheimer’s and cancer cannot be selected for.
22
Q

What is the third fundamental of evolutionary change?

A
  1. Fitness is relative to the environment a species inhabits, or survival of the fittest is in relation to the demands of the environment
23
Q

What is the first fundamental of evolutionary change?

A
  1. A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it
24
Q

What is the second fundamental of evolutionary change?

A
  1. Natural Selection cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics.
25
Q

What is the Fourth fundamental of evolutionary change?

A
  1. Natural Selection can only act on traits that affect the well-being of the individual BEFORE they reproduce. For example, Alzheimer’s and cancer cannot be selected for.
26
Q

What are the 3 types of Selection in evolution?

A 
natural selection (survival of the fittest)
artificial selection (dog breeding)
sexual selection (selection on features associated with mating, e.g. peacock tail)
27
Q

What are the 4 types of Genetic Drift in evolution?

A
  • gamete sampling (changes in genetic material that gets passed to the next generation as a result of RANDOM CHANCE)
  • fission effect (group of animals is split changing the overall genetic makeup of the group - first step in speciation)
  • founder effect (group of animals make a new, smaller population, changing the overall genetic makeup of the group)
  • evolutionary bottleneck (a restriction in genetic variability with a decrease in population size resulting from random factors)
28
Q

What is Mutation?

A

Mutation (a change in DNA, changes in DNA bases, chromosome number, or structure- the ultimate source of variability)

29
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

Gene Flow ( the exchange of genes between populations, making two populations more similar)

30
Q

What are 4 processes that can lead to evolutionary change?

A

natural selection (survival of the fittest)
artificial selection (dog breeding)
sexual selection (selection on features associated with mating, e.g. peacock tail)

Genetic Drift (evolutionary change as a result of RANDOM processes, e.g. flood wipes out all cream-coloured buffalo now there is only brown buffalo)

  • gamete sampling (changes in genetic material that gets passed to the next generation as a result of RANDOM CHANCE)
  • fission effect (group of animals is split changing the overall genetic makeup of the group - first step in speciation)
  • founder effect (group of animals make a new, smaller population, changing the overall genetic makeup of the group)
  • evolutionary bottleneck (a restriction in genetic variability with a decrease in population size resulting from random factors)

Mutation (a change in DNA, changes in DNA bases, chromosome number, or structure- the ultimate source of variability)

Gene Flow ( the exchange of genes between populations, making two populations more similar)

31
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection?

A

Male competition for females (if success in fighting makes the winner more likely to mate, those traits will be passed down)

Female choice (males putting effort into their appearance to entice more females to mate with them, thus passing down their traits)

32
Q

Define Microevolution

A

small changes occurring within species that can be observed within a human lifetime

33
Q

Define Macroevolution

A

changes produced only after many generations

34
Q

Define “Gene”

A

a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, portion of protein, or any functional product.

35
Q

Define “Allele”

A

Alternate forms of a gene (smooth vs wrinkled)

36
Q

Define “Homozygous”

A

possessing 2 of the same allele (SS, ss)

37
Q

Define “Heterozygous”

A

possessing 2 different alleles (Ss)

38
Q

What is the ‘Dominant Allele’?

A

Dominant Allele: the allele that is able to suppress the expression of the other allele -the allele that is expressed in a heterozygote

39
Q

What is the Recessive Allele?

A

Recessive Allele: The allele that is not expressed in a heterozygote

40
Q

Who described the structure of DNA in 1953 and who did they steal it from?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick, and they stole it from Rosalind Franklin

University Anthropology (5 decks)

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