Chapter 2 General Flashcards
Relevant considerations of plant materials
Environmental resource: ie wetland, habitat, erosion control
Cultural resource: heritage trees, existing site vegetation
Fire safety
Size, shape, texture, color, hardiness, moisture and soil requirements
Arias photographs (vegetation associations, species identification, wetlands)
A) stereoscopic 9x9” (available from: us soil conservation service, us forrest service, and us bureau of land management)
B) satellite photography
Non-photographic sensors (electromagnetic)
A) scanners
1. Undated radiation: meteorology and climatology
2. Synthetic ape rather radar (SAR)
3. Light detection Ranging (LIDAR): uses lasers for vegetation mapping
Remote Sensing
A means of selective observation that enables us to estimate various aspects of plant population or vegetation community.
Sampling Vegetation
Site is subdivided into plots of a standard size, can be random, regularly distributed, or subjectively selected. Quadrats can be square, rectangular, or round. Contents of selected plots are inventoried.
Quadrat sampling
“Sample stand “ community types are defined by a specialist. Several representative sample stands for each community are inventoried
Relevé
Samples of plant material are taken along a baseline. Points can be selected with a grid, randomly chosen coordinate pairs, or regular or random points along a line.
Transect
Using large scale color or infrared photography can provide a basis for acceptable estimates of plant cover and soil surface conditions, though understory plants may be obscured in a forest setting.
Ariel photography
Commonly employed in land use surveys; enables rapid but not verifiable assessment of site. note: roadside planting is often not a good indicator of interior planting.
Windshield survey
Factors influencing Physiognomic Plant Distribution
- Duration of growing season (climatic zone)
- Point of Succession
- Ground temperature
- Continuous wind
- Soil moisture
- Shallow soils on fractured rocks
- Shallow soil without subsoil moisture reserves
- Disturbance
- Wildlife populations and prose patterns
Classification based on appearance
Physiognomatic
Vegetated Physiognomic Types
Forest Woodland Savana Scrub Grassland Tundra Swamp Marsh Big
Plants tolerate high-salt souls
Halophytic
Plants tolerate dry soils
Xerophytic
Plants prefer moderately moist soils
Mesophytic
Plants prefer wet soils or float on water
Hydrophytic
Vegetation dynamics
Seasonal 1 yr spring to fall
Cyclical 20 years ie fire cycle
Succession 1000 years sand dune to Forrest
Geologic 20,000 years ice age
Genetic 1,000,000 development of new species
One of the primary nutrients. It stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production. Like phosphorus it should be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth.
Potassium
The secondary nutrients often grouped with micronutrients, but determined more critical than other nutrients in that group. These are generally abundant in most soils.
Calcium, magnesium, sulfur
Essential part of cell formation and structure in plants.
Calcium
Essential for photosynthesis
Magnesium
Used in protein synthesis
Surfer
Certain organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with metals (iron, zinc, manganese, and copper). Used in fertilizers, are soluble and help keep nutrient metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Commonly used in the treatment of iron chiorosis.
Chelates
Name three types of chemical soil amendments:
Gypsum, lime, sulfur
Name three types of organic soil amendments:
Humus, pear moss, manure
Decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase water holding capacity and fertility of sandy soils.
Humus
Refers to chemical anendment composed of calcium. Used to raise ph of overly acid soils, and improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.
Lime
Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium and sulfur. Used to improve some clay particles to bind together in larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.
Gypsum
The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates under the action of light. Chlorophyll is required for the conversion of light energy into chemical forms.
Photosynthesis
Required for the conversion of light energy into chemical.
Chlorophyll
Loss of water vapor from plants and leaves and stems of living plants into the atmosphere.
Transpiration
A condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iro, but it is more common that the iron is “tied up” and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and veins of the leaf to yellow.
Chlorosis
Sometimes called antitranspirants, this refers to solutions which when applied to levels partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduce water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in preparation of leafy cuttings for rooting.
Antidessicant
Tree or shrubs trained against a wall.
Espalier
Training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. May result in a vertical hedge-type form or, I. The case of trees, an overhead natural arbor.
Pleaching
Severe pruning of major diciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure. Such treatment results in an extremely compact leafy dome-form during the growing season and a silhouette of unusual branching character in dormant season.
Pollarding
Composed of the cells activity or potentially involved in cell division or growth. Girth, roots and shoots
Meristematic tissue
The water -conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.
Xylem
The food conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.
Phloem
Plants that complete their life cycle in a year or less.
Annual
Plants that complete their life cycle in two years
Biennial
Nonwoody plants that live for more than two years. Top growth of some die back each year, but some retain growth continuously.
Perennial
A regulatory tool that local governments use to guide development in a localized area and to systematically implement the general plan.
Specific Plans
Additional rights which goes with or pertains to the land, but is not necessarily a part of it. Examples include a right of way or a building
Appurtenances
___ is rental or owner occupied housing that costs no more than 30 percent of a households total monthly income
Affordable housing
The process in which an unincorporated area joins an adjacent city
Annexation