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lare 2 > Chapter 2 General > Flashcards

Chapter 2 General Flashcards

1
Q

Relevant considerations of plant materials

A

Environmental resource: ie wetland, habitat, erosion control

Cultural resource: heritage trees, existing site vegetation

Fire safety

Size, shape, texture, color, hardiness, moisture and soil requirements

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2
Q

Arias photographs (vegetation associations, species identification, wetlands)
A) stereoscopic 9x9” (available from: us soil conservation service, us forrest service, and us bureau of land management)
B) satellite photography

Non-photographic sensors (electromagnetic)
A) scanners
1. Undated radiation: meteorology and climatology
2. Synthetic ape rather radar (SAR)
3. Light detection Ranging (LIDAR): uses lasers for vegetation mapping

A

Remote Sensing

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3
Q

A means of selective observation that enables us to estimate various aspects of plant population or vegetation community.

A

Sampling Vegetation

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4
Q

Site is subdivided into plots of a standard size, can be random, regularly distributed, or subjectively selected. Quadrats can be square, rectangular, or round. Contents of selected plots are inventoried.

A

Quadrat sampling

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5
Q

“Sample stand “ community types are defined by a specialist. Several representative sample stands for each community are inventoried

A

Relevé

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6
Q

Samples of plant material are taken along a baseline. Points can be selected with a grid, randomly chosen coordinate pairs, or regular or random points along a line.

A

Transect

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7
Q

Using large scale color or infrared photography can provide a basis for acceptable estimates of plant cover and soil surface conditions, though understory plants may be obscured in a forest setting.

A

Ariel photography

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8
Q

Commonly employed in land use surveys; enables rapid but not verifiable assessment of site. note: roadside planting is often not a good indicator of interior planting.

A

Windshield survey

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9
Q

Factors influencing Physiognomic Plant Distribution

A
  • Duration of growing season (climatic zone)
  • Point of Succession
  • Ground temperature
  • Continuous wind
  • Soil moisture
  • Shallow soils on fractured rocks
  • Shallow soil without subsoil moisture reserves
  • Disturbance
  • Wildlife populations and prose patterns
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10
Q

Classification based on appearance

A

Physiognomatic

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11
Q

Vegetated Physiognomic Types

A 
Forest
Woodland
Savana
Scrub
Grassland
Tundra
Swamp
Marsh
Big
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12
Q

Plants tolerate high-salt souls

A

Halophytic

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13
Q

Plants tolerate dry soils

A

Xerophytic

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14
Q

Plants prefer moderately moist soils

A

Mesophytic

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15
Q

Plants prefer wet soils or float on water

A

Hydrophytic

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16
Q

Vegetation dynamics

A

Seasonal 1 yr spring to fall
Cyclical 20 years ie fire cycle
Succession 1000 years sand dune to Forrest
Geologic 20,000 years ice age
Genetic 1,000,000 development of new species

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17
Q

One of the primary nutrients. It stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production. Like phosphorus it should be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth.

A

Potassium

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18
Q

The secondary nutrients often grouped with micronutrients, but determined more critical than other nutrients in that group. These are generally abundant in most soils.

A

Calcium, magnesium, sulfur

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19
Q

Essential part of cell formation and structure in plants.

A

Calcium

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20
Q

Essential for photosynthesis

A

Magnesium

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21
Q

Used in protein synthesis

A

Surfer

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22
Q

Certain organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with metals (iron, zinc, manganese, and copper). Used in fertilizers, are soluble and help keep nutrient metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Commonly used in the treatment of iron chiorosis.

A

Chelates

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23
Q

Name three types of chemical soil amendments:

A

Gypsum, lime, sulfur

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24
Q

Name three types of organic soil amendments:

A

Humus, pear moss, manure

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25
Q

Decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase water holding capacity and fertility of sandy soils.

A

Humus

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26
Q

Refers to chemical anendment composed of calcium. Used to raise ph of overly acid soils, and improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

A

Lime

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27
Q

Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium and sulfur. Used to improve some clay particles to bind together in larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

A

Gypsum

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28
Q

The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates under the action of light. Chlorophyll is required for the conversion of light energy into chemical forms.

A

Photosynthesis

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29
Q

Required for the conversion of light energy into chemical.

A

Chlorophyll

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30
Q

Loss of water vapor from plants and leaves and stems of living plants into the atmosphere.

A

Transpiration

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31
Q

A condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iro, but it is more common that the iron is “tied up” and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and veins of the leaf to yellow.

A

Chlorosis

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32
Q

Sometimes called antitranspirants, this refers to solutions which when applied to levels partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduce water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in preparation of leafy cuttings for rooting.

A

Antidessicant

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33
Q

Tree or shrubs trained against a wall.

A

Espalier

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34
Q

Training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. May result in a vertical hedge-type form or, I. The case of trees, an overhead natural arbor.

A

Pleaching

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35
Q

Severe pruning of major diciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure. Such treatment results in an extremely compact leafy dome-form during the growing season and a silhouette of unusual branching character in dormant season.

A

Pollarding

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36
Q

Composed of the cells activity or potentially involved in cell division or growth. Girth, roots and shoots

A

Meristematic tissue

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37
Q

The water -conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

A

Xylem

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38
Q

The food conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

A

Phloem

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39
Q

Plants that complete their life cycle in a year or less.

A

Annual

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40
Q

Plants that complete their life cycle in two years

A

Biennial

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41
Q

Nonwoody plants that live for more than two years. Top growth of some die back each year, but some retain growth continuously.

A

Perennial

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42
Q

A regulatory tool that local governments use to guide development in a localized area and to systematically implement the general plan.

A

Specific Plans

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43
Q

Additional rights which goes with or pertains to the land, but is not necessarily a part of it. Examples include a right of way or a building

A

Appurtenances

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44
Q

___ is rental or owner occupied housing that costs no more than 30 percent of a households total monthly income

A

Affordable housing

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45
Q

The process in which an unincorporated area joins an adjacent city

A

Annexation

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46
Q

Considers variances to planning ordinances for specific developments.

A

Board of adjustment

47
Q

A __ includes all components of a building that enclose conditioned space. __ components separate conditioned spaces from unconditioned spaces or from outside air.

A

Building envelope

48
Q

Land or water designated to separate one use from another eg to shield or block noise, light or other nuisances.

A

Buffer zone

49
Q

CEQA

A

California environmental quality act

50
Q

The grouping of a particular developments residential structures on a portion of the available land, reserving a significant amount of the site as protected open space.

A

Cluster development

51
Q

The central organizing document for planning a community. Another term for general plan.

A

A comprehensive plan

52
Q

The term that needed services be in place or planned for before new development is approved. Also referred to as phased development controls

A

Concurrency

53
Q

Grants the right of a person, government agency, or public utility company to use public or private land owned by anther for a specific purpose, such as access to power lines

A

Easement

54
Q

The taking (with due compensation) of private land by a government agency for the public good.

A

Eminent domain

55
Q

An unauthorized invasion or intrusion of a fixture or other real property on another’s property. Often permits are issued for temporary ___ for construction purposes.

A

Encroachment

56
Q

Land including accessory buildings and structures used for the removal, refinement and/or processing of sand, gravel, stone, mineral, or other aggregate resources. Eg a soil borrow pit, a gravel pit and a stone quarry

A

Extractive use

57
Q

FEMA

A

Federal emergency management agency — maps and sets national standards for development in flood prone areas.

58
Q

A lot which has a narrow access strip connected to a public street or right of way. The strip contains a driveway

A

Flag lot

59
Q

A ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the total area of the site. (Note: may vary by jurisdiction)

A

Floor area ratio

60
Q

A linear measurement along the front of a property, that is, the portion facing a road, waterway etc.

A

Frontage

61
Q

A band of countryside surrounding a town, development or neighborhood on which building is generally prohibited.

A

Green belt

62
Q

The total floor area contained within a building footprint including the horizontal area of external walls. (Note: may vary by jurisdiction)

A

Gross floor area

63
Q

Refers to regulations that increase housing choice by establishing requirements and providing incentives for constructing a wide variety of housing types

A

Inclusionary zoning

64
Q

Means developing smaller vacant parcels of land in urban areas that have been passed over by previous development

A

Infill

65
Q

The basic facilities that serve a community, such as streets and highways, schools, and water, sewer and storm drain systems.

A

Infrastructure

66
Q

A comprehensive, long range site plan for a project that includes multiple land uses and/or is expected to be developed in phases. Another term for specific plan

A

A master plan

67
Q

NEPA

A

National Environmental Protection Act of 1960 - established policy for clean air, water, and the protection of natural recourses.

68
Q

The total square footage of occupied area of a building

A

Net floor area

69
Q

Any use which does not conform to the use regulations of the zoning ordinance for the zone in which it is located.

A

Non-confirming use

70
Q

As used in the building codes, ___ refers to the type of use of the building. For example, a residential apartment building vs a medical care facility.

A

Occupancy

71
Q

Laws passed by a local government which support the general or comprehensive plan

A

Ordinances

72
Q

A development which contains a mix of land uses, various types of residential uses, commercial uses and institutional ones. Occasionally industrial uses are included.

A

Planned unit development

73
Q

Land and it’s permanently affixed buildings or structures

A

Real property

74
Q

An agreement restricting the use of real property which is attached to the conveyance (deed) and which is binding on subsequent purchases of the property.

A

Restrictive covenant

75
Q

A strip of land occupied or intended to be occupied by a street, crosswalk, railroad, electric transmission line oil or gas pipeline, water main, sanitary or storm sewer main, shade trees, or other special use.

A

A Right-of-Way

76
Q

A required minimum horizontal distance between a structure and the related front, side or rear property line

A

A Setback

77
Q

A means to allow an applicant for a development permit to alleviate a legal hardship that is inherent in a piece of land

A

Variance

78
Q

___ were one of the earliest formal tools used to regulate land use development at the local level in the United States.

A

Zoning ordinance

79
Q

Lists the date, parties to the contract, description of the work or services, and compensation.

A

Preamble

80
Q

Services to be provided and services not included as part of the basic contract (ie: scope of work)

A

Basic Services

81
Q

Provision of necessary information (such as surveys) and additional information as needed for the successful execution of the contract.

A

Owners responsibility

82
Q

Client and consultant agree to hold each other harmless in the event of liability claims.

A

Indemnity clause

83
Q

Termination clauses, statements regarding the ownership of original drawings, and limitations of liability.

A

Conclusion

84
Q

Transferability of responsibility should one of the parties to the contract sell the business or property, or die.

A

Successors and assigns

85
Q

A __ is a civil wrong for which a court will grant remedy. This suggests that if someone has suffered damage, then someone else must be at fault.

A

Tort

86
Q

What are the two types of torts?

A

Intentional: misrepresentation of facts, deceit, and defamation of character. Rarely a concern in the design profession

Unintentional: generally deals with issues of negligence. These are of considerable concern to the design profession.

87
Q

Employers are liable for the acts of their employees while the latter are performing within the scope of their employment duties.

A

Doctrine of respondent superior

88
Q

Volunteer and free services cary the same responsibility as services solicited for a fee. Pro-bono is not exempt.

A

Doctrine of gratuitous service

89
Q

Breach of duty is a type of negligence. One of two ways it occurs is.. giving incorrect advice or issuing drawings or specifications which result in damage.

A

Affirmative acts

90
Q

Failing to provide necessary advice, or omission of a drawing or specification that results in damage. A type of negligence

A

Failure to act

91
Q

To prove negligence, a connection between breach of duty and damage must be shown.

A

Causal connection

92
Q

Compensation to put both parties in the same position they would be in if the contract had been performed

A

Compensatory damages

93
Q

Damages arising out of circumstances known (or that should have been foreseen) by one party to the contract at the time the agreement was made.

A

Consequential damages

94
Q

Damages agreed to in the contract in the event of a breach or default by one party.

A

Liquidated damages

95
Q

Orders issued by a judge which prohibit a person from performing a specific activity.

A

Injunctions

96
Q

Let the buyer beware

A

Caveat emptor

97
Q

The legal doctrine that wrongdoers should pay damages proportional to their fault

A

Comparative negligence

98
Q

A provision in a contract that relieves a party of liability

A

Exculpatory clause

99
Q

A promise to hold a person harmless from liability or loss

A

Indemnity

100
Q

A construction defect that is not perceptible by ordinary observation

A

Latest defect

101
Q

A doctrine recorded in the county recorders office that gives public notification of litigation involving title to or the possession of real property.

A

Lis pendens

102
Q

Financial forecast based on hypothetical, anticipated profits and losses

A

Pro Forma

103
Q

Diagram showing relationships and linkages

A

Cluster analysis

104
Q

Diagramming showing political governmental restrictions such as setback and zoning regulations the total space (volume) available for structure when all these factors are taken into account is sometimes known as the ____.

A

Building envelope studies

105
Q

Demand, relationships of uses, absorption (rate of sale)

A

Market performance

106
Q

Multiple attribute analysis: this function identifies where any of the attributes being mapped occur. Fire example set A includes attributes 1 & 2, whereas set B includes attributes 2 & 3.

A

Union

107
Q

Multiple attribute analysis: this function identifies where attributes common to sets of data being mapped occur. Conditions common to both sets overlap spatially.

A

Intersection

108
Q

LESA

A

Land Evaluation and Site Assesment system. Has been used by state and local governments to protect prime, unique or locally protected farmland from development.

109
Q

Evaluations of risk for conditions of possible environmental contamination.

A

Environmental site assesment

110
Q

A walk through of the site typically using a checklist that conforms to ASTM E-1528. Can be performed by a site design professional.
Has the site been filled in the past
Knowledge of hazarded materials or petroleum fill
Industrial or commercial activities etc

A

Transaction screen

111
Q

A planning tool whose purpose is to provide means to analyze the potential visual impact of proposed projects and activities on the environment and for identifying measures to mitigate these impacts.

A

Visual resource assessment

112
Q

Test used to determine the maximum density of soil needed for a project.

A

Proctor test

113
Q

LIDR

A

Light Detecting and Ranging

114
Q

This scale of measure conveys gradation or ranking of elements. Site limitations for excavations to construct building foundations etc.

A

Ordinal scale

lare 2 (5 decks)

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