Chapter 2-Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Sex

A

biological distinction between being female and being male

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2
Q

intersexed individuals

A

people with mixed or ambiguous gentials

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3
Q

intersex development

A

refers to congential variations in the reproductive system, sometimes resulting in ambiguous genitals

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4
Q

gender

A

social and psychological behaviour associated with being female or male

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5
Q

socialization

A

process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy

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6
Q

Gender Identity

A

psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or boy, and later, as a woman or man

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7
Q

gender dysphoria

A

condition in which one’s gender identity does not match one’s biological sex

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8
Q

transgender

A

generic term for a person of one biological sex who displays characteristics of the opposite sex

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9
Q

cross dresser

A

generic term for individuals who may dress or present themselves in the gender of the opposite sex

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10
Q

transsexual

A

individual who has anatomical and genetic characteristics of one sex but the self concept of the other

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11
Q

Gender roles

A

behaviors assigned to women and men in a society

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12
Q

Sex Roles

A

behaviors defined by biological constraints

-wet nurse, sperm donor, chilbearer

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13
Q

Gender role ideology

A

proper role relationships between women and men in a society

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14
Q

Biosocial Theory

A

emphasizes the interaction of one’s biological or genetic inheritance with one’s social environment to explain and predict human behavior

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15
Q

parental investment

A

any investment by a parent that increases the chance that the offspring will survive and thrive

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16
Q

Social learning theory

A

emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior

17
Q

Cognitive Development Theory

A

biological readiness of the child, in terms of cognitive development, influences how the child responds to gender cues in the environment

18
Q

Agents of gender Socialization

A

e.g. family

19
Q

Family

A

parents, siblings affect gender changes and roles. parents can be strict and force certain roles, siblings can reinforce this

20
Q

Race/ethnicity

A

different races have different views on gender roles and enforcement of these roles

21
Q

Peers

A

e.g. drinking, sports

22
Q

Religion

A

traditional framing of gender roles

  • male dominance
  • traditional marriage roles
23
Q

Education

A

influences and enforces gender roles through classroom activity and books

24
Q

Economy

A

men dominate certain roles in jobs with higher education requirements as opposed to femals

25
Q

occupational sex segregation

A

concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

26
Q

Mass Media

A

media images, television, etc. conform to traditional roles, reinforce these.

27
Q

Negative consequences of traditional female role socialization

A
  1. Less income
  2. feminization of poverty-idea that women disproportionately experience poverty living alone
  3. Higher risk for sexually transmitted infections
  4. Negative body image
  5. Less marital satisfaction
28
Q

sexism

A

an attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or discriminates against an individual or group because of their sex

29
Q

Positive consequences of traditional female role socialization

A
  1. longer life expectancy
  2. Stronger relationship focus
  3. keeping relationships on track
  4. bonding with children
30
Q

Negative consequences of traditional male role socialization

A
  1. Identity tied to work
  2. limited emotionality
  3. fear of intimacy, more lonely
  4. disadvantaged in getting custody
  5. shorter life
31
Q

Positive consequences of traditional male role socialization

A
  1. Higher income and occupational status
  2. More positive self-concept
  3. less job discrimination
  4. freedom of movement; more partners to select from; more normative to initiate relationships
  5. happier marriage
32
Q

androgyny

A

being neither male nor female but a blend of both traits

33
Q

physiological androgyny

A

intersexed individuals-genitals neither male nor female

34
Q

behavioral androgyny

A

blending or reversal of traditional male and female behavior, so that a biological male may be very passive, gentle, and a biological female may be assertive, rough, selfish.

35
Q

Positive Androgyny

A

view of androgyny that is devoid of the negative traits associated with masculinity and femininity.

36
Q

gender role transcendence

A

abandoning gender frameworks and looking at phenomena independent of traditional gender categories