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Psych 275 > Chapter 2) Functional Anatory Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2) Functional Anatory Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Agenesis

A

-Failure of brain regions to develop
-Offers researchers an opportunity to study brain organization and function

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2
Q

Cerebellar agenesis

A

-Brain plasticity in response to early perturbations allows for compensation as regions of the cerebral cortex function more efficiently

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3
Q

Brains primary function

A

-Produce behavior (movement)
-Receiving information about the world (stimuli)
-Integrating information to construct a subjective experience of reality (perception)
-Producing commands to control the movement of muscles

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4
Q

Neural tissue

A

-Has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized
-Neuroplasticity
-Phenotypic plasticity
-Influence of epigenetic factors

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5
Q

Afferent

A

-Sensory
-Information comes INWARDS into the CNS
-Incoming information

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6
Q

Efferent

A

-Motor
-Information leaves OUTWARD from the CNC
-Outgoing information

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7
Q

Brain (brain structure locations)

A

Body orientation, frame of reference is human face

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8
Q

Spatial orientation

A

Frame of reference is other body parts and body orientation

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9
Q

Anatomical orientation

A

-Frame of reference is direction of cut
-Section through the human brain from the viewers perspective

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10
Q

Dorsal (Superior in terms of location)

A

-Structures atop the brain
-Structures within the brain

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11
Q

Anterior

A

In the front

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12
Q

Posterior

A

In the back

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13
Q

Ventral (Inferior in terms of location)

A

Structures towards the bottom of the brain or one of its parts

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14
Q

Medial

A

Structures towards the brains midline

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15
Q

Lateral

A

Structures located towards the sides

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16
Q

Coronal section

A

-Cut in a vertical plane from the crown of the head down
-Yields a front view of brains internal structure

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17
Q

Horizontal section

A

-View/cut falls along the horizon
-Usually viewed looking down on brain from above (dorsal view)
-The cut is similar to leveling the top of a cake

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18
Q

Sagittal section

A

-Cut lengthways from front to back and is viewed from the side
-Imagine the brain “split from an arrow”
-Divides the brain into symmetrical halves
-Medial view
-The cut is similar to cutting a tall cake in half from the middle

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19
Q

Protection on brain’s surface

A

-Triple layered covering (meninges) encases brain and spinal cord
-Cerebrospinal (CSF) cushions them

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20
Q

Meninges

A

-Triple layered and encases brain + spinal cord
-Dura mater-Layer closest to skull
-Arachnoid membrane-Middle
-Pia Mater-Furthest from skull

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21
Q

Cerebral cortex geography

A

-Cerebral cortex is brain’s thin, outer layer “bark”
-Two hemispheres
-Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes
-Frontal (executive function)
-Parietal (sensory integration)
-Temporal (auditory, taste, smell, memory)
-Occipital (visual)

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22
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps in the brain’s folded surface

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23
Q

Sulci

A

Cracks in the folded surface of brain

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24
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides the two hemispheres apart

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Cerebral circulation
-Each of the three major arteries (come up from spine) that feed blood to the cerebral hemispheres branches extensively to feed different regions
26
Anterior cerebral artery
-Artery that feeds the front of the brain (Along longitudinal fissure)
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Middle cerebral artery
-Artery that feeds the middle (gets sections from both hemispheres)
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Posterior cerebral artery
-Artery that feeds the back -Branches into two and then wraps back around
29
White matter
-Myelinated -Inside the brain -Regenerates due to Schwann cells -Speeds up saltatory conduction -Surrounds cell bodies making them more efficient in communicating with one another
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Lateral ventricles
-Filled with CSF -Four different ventricles -Fourth ventricle is by hindbrain
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Corpus callosum
-Connects the right and left hemisphere -Runs from front to back
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How are neurons connected?
-Connected to one another by fibers known as axons -When the axons run along together they form a nerve (outside CNS) or tract (within the CNS)
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Nerve
Bundle of fibers outside the CNS
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Tract
Collection of nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord
35
Spinal cord
-Controls most body movements -Can act independently of brain (spinal reflexes, reflex arc)
36
Brainstem
-On top of spinal cord -Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull -Receives afferent (Sensory) nerves coming from senses and sends efferent (motor) out to control movements -Three regions of brainstem: Hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
37
Hindbrain
-Evolutionary the oldest part of the brain (has the most basic elements to survive) -Contains various motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to find movements -Cerebellum (automatic movement--jumping, running) -Reticular formation -Pons -Medulla (automatic functions--heart rate)
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Reticular formation
-Comes up from spinal cord -Involved in sleep-wake cycle -Circadian rhythm
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Pons
-sends signals to cerebellum -Connects consciousness
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Midbrain
-Producing orienting movements -Species specific behaviors -Pain perception -Diencephalon -Hypothalamus -Thalamus
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Diencepharon
-The between brain -Integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
-Below the thalamus -Diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behavior
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Thalamus
-Above the hypothalamus -Diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is organized, integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex
44
Forebrain
-Integrates sensation, motivation, emotion and memory -enables advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning and using language
45
Forebrain structures
-Neocortex (cerebral cortex) -Basal Ganglia -Limbic system -Allocortex
46
Allocortex
-Hippocampus -Amygdala
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Basal Ganglia
-Controls voluntary precise movements as well as involuntary movements -Collection of nuclei below white matter of neocortex -Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus -Related disorders and Parkinson's and Tourette's
48
Relationship between Basal ganglia and cerebellum
-Learning a new motor skill is basal ganglia and once the skill is automatic it moves to the cerebellum
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Cerebral cortex (Neo cortex)
-Contains concentric rings of allocortex (3 and 4 layered cortex) -Contains concentric rings of neocortex (6 layered cortex) -Is most of the forebrain by volume, expanded through evolution -Involves folding of neocortex (sulci, gyri)
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Allocortex
-Composed of several distinct 3 and 4 layered structures that include hippocampus, part of amygdala, cingulate cortex, several structures that make up olfactory system
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Amygdala
Anxiety and fear
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Cingulate cortex
-Emotion formation and processing -Learning -Memory -Linking behavior to motivation -Wraps around corpus collosum
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Olfactory system
-Olfactory bulbs and receptors -Pyriform cortex in front of brain -Vomeronasal organ (VNO)
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Neocortical layers
-Different layers have different cell types -Density of cells varies among layers -Differences in appearance relate to function and region -Influences craving, lust, interpretations of abstract concepts, words, and images -Creates reality -Cytoarchitectonic map
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Cytoarchitectonic map
Map of neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells
56
Neocritical layering
-Layer IV (5) in sensory cortex is thick compared to motor -This is due to abundant afferent sensory information from the thalamus connects to layer 5 -Layers 6 and 7 are thick in motor neocortex and thin in sensory
57
Forebrain: Cortical lobes
-Nearly symmetrical right and left hemispheres that are separated by the longitudinal fissure and central sulcus
58
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
-Monitored and controlled by CNS -Cranial nerves of brain -Spinal nerves by the spinal cord segments -Bilateral (two sided)
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Cranial nerves
-12 nerve pairs control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs
60
Spinal nerves
-Spinal cord encased in vertebrae -Vertebrae are categorized into five anatomical regions: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal -Body segments correspond to spinal cord segments called dermatomes with sensory and motor neurons -Spinal cord segments are interconnected
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Psych 275 (8 decks)

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