Chapter 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience Flashcards
There has been a long-standing debate on whether humans and other animals inherit their behavioral responses or acquire them through learning. This is called the _______ debate.
nature–nurture
The condition that can result from damage to the right parietal lobe and typically involves a lack of awareness of one’s own body parts (most commonly on the left side) is known as _______.
asomatognosia
Darwin proposed that the striking similarities among living species were evidence that they shared a common _______.
ancestor
Through selective _______ programs, major changes have been made to domestic animals and plants.
breeding
In some species, the _______ male is likely to copulate more and, therefore, pass on his genes to the future
generations.
dominant
One distinctive feature of early Homo species was that they had brains _______ than Australopithecus but _______ than modern humans.
larger, smaller
Incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products such as the belly button are called _______.
spandrels
During the course of the vertebrate evolution, birds emerged approximately _______ years ago.
160 million
The overall human brain size does not predict _______.
intelligence
Over millions of years, there has been a remarkable increase in the surface area of the _______, the outmost
layer of the cerebral tissue in humans.
cerebral cortex
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that male–female _______ during copulation ensures that the offspring will survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes to the next generation.
bonding
_______ structures are similar because of convergent evolution.
Analogous
According to Mendel’s experiments, the dominant trait will result in about _______ of the offsprings in the second
generation.
three-quarters
An offspring’s observable traits are called its _______
while its genetic material is referred to as _______.
phenotype, genotype
A single trait is controlled by two expressions of the
same gene called _______.
alleles
Egg and sperm cells are also called _______, and each contains half the usual number of chromosomes.
gametes
During fertilization, the resulting _______ contains a full set of chromosomes.
zygote
The four nucleotide bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and _______.
guanine
Accidental errors in individual genes are called _______.
mutations
_______ are stretches of DNA that control the process of gene expression.
Promoters
_______ mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone remodeling may control gene.
Epigenetic
The shape of DNA can be influenced by the change of shape of the adjacent _______.
histones
All chromosomes except _______ chromosomes come in matched pairs.
sex
The first phase of gene expression involves the
transcription of DNA to RNA, and the second phase involves the _______ of RNA base-sequence code into a sequence of amino acids.
translation
The Human Genome Project discovered that only _______ percent of human DNA contains protein-encoding genes.
1
The somatic nervous system includes _______ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the muscles.
efferent
The _______ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment.
ANS
The brain and the spinal cord are the only organs that are protected with three layers of protective membranes called _______.
meninges
_______ or “tough mother” is the outer meninx.
Dura mater
The _______ nervous system is activated when you encounter a threatening information such as a bear attacking you. This system is essential for the initiation
of fight-or-flight responses.
sympathetic
Motor nerves that project from the brain and
the lower region of the spine are called _______
nerves.
parasympathetic
The _______ nerve is a purely sensory nerve that transfers visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain.
optic
The _______ nerve is the nerve cell that extends directly from the brain to the gut.
vagus
The _______ is a channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles in the brain.
cerebral aqueduct
The ventricles of patients with a congenital condition called _______ build up fluid as a result of blocked channels in the brain.
hydrocephalus
Many toxic substances that are present in the
bloodstream are prohibited from entering the brain by a mechanism called the _______ where cells of blood vessel walls are tightly packed, forming a barrier to the
passage of large proteins.
blood–brain barrier
Unlike large toxic molecules, _______, which is critical for the function of the brain, is actively transported through the vessel walls.
glucose
myelin
fatty substance
soma
cell body
axon hillock
cone-shaped region
Golgi complex
packaging membranes
ribosomes
protein synthesis
synapses
neurotransmitter storage
glial cells
the forgotten cells
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter storage
astrocytes
largest glial cells
ganglia
PNS clusters of cell bodies
oligodendrocytes
CNS myelinators
Golgi stain
black
dorsal
top of head
