Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry For Biology

Question 0

Energy

Answer 0

The capacity to cause change, or to move matter in a direction it would not move if left alone

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

What are the foundations of life?

Answer 2

Matter and energy

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

The smallest unit of matter that still retains all the properties of an element

Question 4

Atomic structure

Answer 4

An atom is comprised of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by an electron cloud occupied by electrons

Question 5

Proton

Answer 5

A subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electric charge found in the nucleus of an atom

Question 6

Electron

Answer 6

A subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge

Question 7

Neutron

Answer 7

An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electric charge) found in the nucleus of an atom

Question 8

Mass number

Answer 8

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

Question 9

Atomic number

Answer 9

The number of protons in each atom of a particular element.

Question 10

Molecule

Answer 10

A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 11

Elements

Answer 11

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means. Scientists recognize 92 chemical elements occurring in nature

Question 12

Compound

Answer 12

A substance containing two or meow elements in a fixed ratio

Question 13

Solution

Answer 13

A liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances: a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a substance that is dissolved, the solute

Question 14

Chemical Bonds

Answer 14

An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the prescience of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer shells.

Question 15

Covalent bonds

Answer 15

An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

Question 16

Ionic Bonds

Answer 16

An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together.

Question 17

What forms of energy are found in living things?

Answer 17

Light
Chemical
Mechanical
Electrical

Question 18

Chemical reaction

Answer 18

A process leading to chemical changes in matter, involving the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds

Question 19

Reactants

Answer 19

A starting material in a chemical reaction

Question 20

Product

Answer 20

An ending material in a chemical reaction

Question 21

Catalyst

Answer 21

A substance that can cause a chemical reaction without changing itself

Question 22

Enzymes

Answer 22

Catalysts in cells

Question 23

Acid

Answer 23

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution

Question 24

Base

Answer 24

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution

Question 25

Buffer

Answer 25

A chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions

Question 26

Alkaline

Answer 26

Base; a chemical compound that releases OH- ions ions into a solution (or removes hydrogen ions from a solution)

Question 27

pH

Answer 27

Potential Hydrogen- refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 28

pH Scale

Answer 28

A measure of relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). pH stands for Potential Hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 29

Solvent

Answer 29

The dissolving agent in a solution

Question 30

Solute

Answer 30

A substance that is dissolved in a liquid (which is called a solvent) to form a solution

Question 31

Aqueous solution

Answer 31

A solution having water as the solvent

Question 32

Cohesion

Answer 32

The attraction between molecules of the same kind

Question 33

Adhesion

Answer 33

The attraction between different kinds of molecules

Question 34

Capillarity

Answer 34

The movement of water against gravity through narrow tubes

Question 35

Evaporative cooling

Answer 35

Property if water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it

Question 36

What are the properties of water?

Answer 36

``` It's polar Hydrogen bonds Slow to change temperature Ice floats Good at dissolving things ```

Question 37

Polarity

Answer 37

Having unevenly distributed electrical charges

Question 38

Polar compound

Answer 38

A compound that has unevenly distributed electrical charges

Question 39

Isotope

Answer 39

A variant form of an atom. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 40

Radioisotope

Answer 40

An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy