Chapter 2/ Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

System of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream to regulate variety of bodily functions. Mood, growth, development, tissue function, and metabolism.

Question 2

Primary endocrine glands

Answer 2

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

Question 3

Pituitary gland or “master” gland.

Answer 3

Considered the “master” gland because it controls the functions of the other endocrine glands.

Question 4

Thyroid gland

Answer 4

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism and affect growth. Located at base of the neck below thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple).

Question 5

Adrenal glands

Answer 5

Secrete hormones such as corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline(epinephrine) in response to stress.

Question 6

Catecholamines (produced by adrenal glands)

Answer 6

Two, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Produced by adrenal glands (on top of each kidney). Help prepare body for activity. Fight or flight. Hypothalamus triggers adrenals to secrete epinephrine for fight.
• increases heart rate and stroke volume
• elevates blood glucose levels
• redistributes blood to working tissues
• opens up the airways

Question 7

Epinephrine

Answer 7

Increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens up airways.

Question 8

Testosterone

Answer 8

Produced in testes in males, ovaries and adrenal glands in women. Males produce up to 10x more. Fundamental role in growth and repair of tissue. Estrogen produced in ovaries in female and small amounts in adrenals in males.

Question 9

Cortisol

Answer 9

Catabolic hormone. Secreted by adrenals, serves to maintain high energy supply. Chronic cortisol can lead to significant breakdown of muscle tissue. High levels of cortisol brought on by overtraining, excessive stress, poor sleep, and inadequate nutrition can lead to the breakdown of muscle tissue.

Question 10

Growth hormone

Answer 10

Released from pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus. Stimulated by several factors: estrogen, testosterone, deep sleep, vigorous exercise. Primary anabolic hormone responsible for the most of growth and development during childhood until puberty when primary sex hormones take over. Increases development of bone, muscle tissue, and protein synthesis. Increases fat burning and strengthens immune system.

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

Glucose is the primary energy source during vigorous exercise. Glucose is the principal fuel for the brain. Any extreme fluctuations in blood glucose can be dangerous; too little can inhibit performance, too much can damage the vascular system. Glucose is regulated by the pancreas, which produces two specific hormones: insulin and glucagon.

Question 12

Insulin

Answer 12

Helps regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body.

Question 13

Glucagon

Answer 13

One of the two hormones secreted by the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels. Opposite effect of insulin.