CHAPTER 2: Development of the Organization of Information in Western Civilization Flashcards
Analytical Entry
Is an entry makes for each work in a volume, as opposed to making only one entry for the entire volume.
Analytico-synthetic Classification
(See faceted classification) A classification arrangement that has small notations standing for sub parts of the whole topic, which, when strung together, usually in a prescribed sequence, create a complete classification notation for a multipart concept.See also Enumerative classification; Hierarchical classification.
Ashurbanipal
…developed a library in the city of Nineveh around 650 BCE. This library comprised nearly 30,000 clay tablets and was arranged by subject in a series of rooms. It is evident that great care was taken to preserve order and authenticity as well as its catalog-like activities.
Avram, Henriette
Responsible for engineering the creation of MARC format at the LC in the 1960s. The innovative format enable the machine readability of bibliographic records.
Bibliography
A list of resources on a given subject, by a given author, from a particular time period or place, and the like.
Bodley, Thomas, Sir
17th century. Offered to build up the Oxford University Library, which had been dissolved some 50 years before when, in 1550, the dean of Oxford’s Christ Church college wished to purge and destroy trace evidence of Catholicism. Bodley took interest in the catalog because he expected it would be useful in his acquisitions program; he wanted the catalog to tell him if the library already owned a work. He insisted upon a classified catalog with an alphabetical author index arranged by surname, as well as analytical entries.
Bush, Vannevar
In 1945 Bush opened the way for a new era in documentation and information science with his article “As We May Think”. He developed the idea for the “memex” which was based on the concept of associative indexing, similar to the human thought process, where items are linked together and any item can be immediately lead to the access of other related information.
Callimachus
Callimachus has been given credit as being the first cataloger of whom we have knowledge. Responsible for creating the pinakes of Alexandria and for the use of general categories as sufficient approach to subject classification.
Card Catalog
Catalog in which every resource description is written, typed, or printed on cards (usually measuring 3x5 inches) that are placed in file drawers in a particular order-usually alphabetical or classified order.
Cassiodorus
Cassiodorus is responsible for the earliest example of subject arrangement in the sixth century. Subjects during the medieval period were broadly defined, some using only two categories: biblical and humanistic.
Cataloging Code
A set of rules (i.e., guidelines or instructions) for cataloging.
Catalog
A type of retrieval tool; an organized compilation of bibliographic metadata or an organized set of surrogate records that represent the holdings of a particular collection and/or resources to which access may be gained. It may be arranged alphabetically, by classification notation, by subject, or, in the case of an online catalog, the display may be arranged by date or any one of several other elements.
Collation
Obsolete. In AACR2 and earlier, a statement of details about the physical description (e.g., pagination, illustrations, and size) of a book. The concept as applied to other types of resources is called physical description or carrier description.
Colophon
A set of data at the end of a resource that gives varying kinds of bibliographic data. It might give information usually found on a title page, and, in items after the invention of printing with moveable type, it gives such information as date of printing, printer, typeface used and the like.
Cross-reference
An instruction in a retrieval tool that directs a user to another place in the tool; also called a reference.
Cutter, Charles Ammi
A leader in the profession, Cutter created the “Rules for a Dictionary Catalog” which became the foundations of American cataloging in the mid-late 19th century. He was instrumental in establishing the ALA along with Dewey and others. He is responsible for the creation of the Expansive Classification system and invented the use of book numbers, known as Cutter numbers. Cutter was also the first to make rules for subject headings as a way to gain subject access to materials through the catalog. Cutter developed the EC-Expansive Classifcation following Dewey’s DDC.
Dewey, Melvil
Also instrumental in establishing the ALA and responsible for the DDC. Through this classification system, Dewey introduced the use of decimals and gave the first indications of number building (or faceting).
Entry
Obsolete. The place in a print retrieval tool where a surrogate record is found.
Faceting
An approach to categorizing terms in a controlled vocabulary or an approach to organizing discrete concepts in a classification scheme so that terms/ concepts with a smaller function or a shared characteristic will be clustered together.
Feith, Johan
One of three Dutchmen in 1898 that were responsible for articulating principles for archives and had subsequently been regarded as the foundation of archival theory. The manual included 100 rules that aimed to assist with ‘uniformity in the handling of inventories both in essential s and the details.’ Key concepts: definition of archives; the importance of arrangement and respect does fonds; the organic nature of archival collections; the role of description and it relationship to arrangement and terminology.
Fixed Location
A set place where a physical information resource will always be found or to which it will be returned after having been removed for use. See also-Relative location.
Freitag, Ruth
A reference librarian that assisted Kay Guiles and Henriette Avram in constructing an ‘input format that is reasonable to produce, function codes to explicitly define those elements that cannot be recognized by the machine today, and programming rules to define those elements implicitly identified.’ Their collaborative work in the 1960s-70s resulted in MARC bibliographic data but also facilitated data exchange through automation and data sharing.
French Revolution
“Provided the impetus for the creation of a new kind of catalog.” In 1791 the new French gov’t sent out instructions for cataloging the collections of the libraries that had been confiscated throughout the country. To fulfill this order, the first instance of a national cataloging code was created. Two key reasons: 1) inexperienced catalogers needed instructions 2) uniformity would allow identification of duplicate items. Playing cards were used for recording their catalog information; this is possibly the first appearance in history of a card catalog.
Fruin, Robert
One of three Dutchmen in 1898 that were responsible for articulating principles for archives and had subsequently been regarded as the foundation of archival theory. The manual included 100 rules that aimed to assist with ‘uniformity in the handling of inventories both in essential s and the details.’ Key concepts: definition of archives; the importance of arrangement and respect does fonds; the organic nature of archival collections; the role of description and it relationship to arrangement and terminology.
Gessner, Conrad
Set a new standard of excellence in improved bibliographic control devices. Published an author bibliography in 1545 and a subject index in 1548. He acknowledged the shortcomings of forenames as entry words so Gessner prefixed to his bibliography an alphabetical list authors and inverted their names. Key point: Gessner suggested that libraries use copies of his bibliography as their catalogs by inserting call numbers beside entries that represented their holdings, thus providing themselves with both an author and a subject catalog.
Guiles, Kay
A reference librarian that assisted Ruth Freitag and Henriette Avram in constructing an ‘input format that is reasonable to produce, function codes to explicitly define those elements that cannot be recognized by the machine today, and programming rules to define those elements implicitly identified.’ Their collaborative work in the 1960s-70s resulted in MARC bibliographic data but also facilitated data exchange through automation and data sharing.
Gutenberg, Johannes
Invented moveable type printing in 1455. This invention ushered in irrevocable change in the world of manuscripts and imposed the need for bibliographic control.
Heading
Obsolete (in descriptive cataloging). 1) An access point printed at the top (head) of a copy of a surrogate record, or column of records, in a printed tool, or appearing at the top of a listing of related works in an online retrieval tool. 2) The exact string of characters of the authorized form of an access point as it appears in the authority record. Replaced in RDA with authorized access point. Still used in subject cataloging in the term subject heading. See also: access point, authorized access point (AAP); subject heading.
Hensen, Steve
An employee of LC in the 1980s; worked to construct a cataloging code for archival materials. His work become known as the Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts (APPM) which brought together the traditions of libraries and archives.
Inventory
A tool whose purpose is to provide a record of what is owned.
Jewett, Charles Coffin
Was a librarian during a period when printed catalogs were considered premier. In 1850 Jewett published a code for the catalog of the Smithsonian Institution. With this code, Americans began to have influence in cataloging. He was also given credit for extending the principle of corporate authorship further than Panizzi had. Proposed a plan to use numbered stereotype plates to be stored by libraries to indicate which title were held and then used to print a catalog when one was needed.
Kilgour, Frederick
Of the Office of Strategic Service during World War II, Kilgour was responsible for the direction of bibliographic control that was necessary to analyze and organize the influx of acquired German scientific literature that had been confiscated. The Central Information Division of the OSS was also exploring the use of technology through the experimentation with punch card equipment from IBM. Kilgour also later established the OCLC.
