Chapter 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches.

Question 1

What is a paradigm?

Answer 1

set of concepts and methods used to collect/interpret data.

Question 2

What is reductionism?

Answer 2

Whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its most basic elements or constituents?

Question 3

What are biological approaches to treatments?

Answer 3

1. psychoactive drugs
2. deep brain stimulation
3. cognitive

Question 4

What is counterconditioning?

Answer 4

eliciting a new response in the presence of a particular stimulus.

Question 5

What is systematic desensitization?

Answer 5

list, start minimal anxiety, progress to most frightening.

Question 6

What is aversive conditioning?

Answer 6

A stimulus that is positive is paired with a negative event

Question 7

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 7

stimulus to the Ss is paired with a positive event.

Question 8

What is the cognitive perspective?

Answer 8

past knowledge –> perception –> experience.

Question 9

What are the benefits of CBT treatments and what it improves?

Answer 9

depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, autism, schizophrenia. Can be more effective than anti-depressants long term.

Question 10

What is the psychoanalytic paradigm?

Answer 10

Freud - unconscious effects –> ID - basic urges for food
EGO - task is to deal with reality
SUPEREGO - operates as the conscience

Question 11

What is insight therapy?

Answer 11

remove the repression, face the childhood conflict, gain insight and resolve it in the light of adult reality.

Question 12

What is the criticism of psychoanalytic paradigm?

Answer 12

anecodotes, freud’s recollections unreliable.

Question 13

What is the Humanistic - existential paradigms?

Answer 13

Carl Rogers
insight focused
disordered behavior results from a lack of insight
freedom of choice/will

Question 14

What is client-centered therapy?

Answer 14

innate tendency toward self-actualization, thus focusing on positive factors.
Self-actualization
self esteem
social
safety
psychosocial

Question 15

What is the criticism of client-centered therapy?

Answer 15

• therapists’ inferences may not be valid
• Assumptions - people are innately good, not demonstrated
• self-awareness = change?

Question 16

What is the Integrative paradigm?

Answer 16

Diathesis- stress paradigm - at risk/no guarantee
Biopsychosocial paradigm - complex interaction

both paradigms emphasize the interplay among the biological, psychological, and social environmental perspectives.

Question 17

What are the three parenting styles?

Answer 17

–> Authoritarian - restrictive, punitive, over controlling
–> Permissive - little involvement, disinterested
–> Authoritative - discipline in conjunction with reason and warmth, most adaptive.

Question 18

What is parental marital discord?

Answer 18

poor mental health, witnessing family violence, child abuse, internalizing and externalizing problems.

Question 19

Is money a factor in happiness?

Answer 19

being wealthy does not mean happiness, just slightly higher levels of well-being.