Chapter 2 - Culture and Sociology

Question 0

The things people make and the things they use to make them-the tools they use, the physical environment they inhabit.

Answer 0

Material culture

Question 1

Both the material basis for social life and the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good/evil, appropriate/inappropriate.

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

Often just called “culture”. The ideas and the beliefs that people develop about their lives and heir world.

Answer 2

Nonmaterial culture

Question 3

Describes the vast differences between the cultures of the world as well as the differences in belief and behavior that exist within cultures.

Answer 3

Cultural diversity

Question 4

A feeling of disorientation when the cultural markers that we rely on to help us suddenly change.

Answer 4

Culture shock

Question 5

The use of one’s own culture as the reference point by which to evaluate other cultures; it often depends on or leads to the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

Answer 5

Ethnocentrism

Question 6

A position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members

Answer 6

Cultural relativism

Question 7

A group with in a society that creates its own norms and values distinct from the mainstream and usually its own separate social institutions as well

Answer 7

Subculture

Question 8

Subculture that identifies itself through its difference and opposition to the dominant culture

Answer 8

Counterculture

Question 9

Anything-an idea, a marking, a thing-that carries additional meaning beyond itself to others to share in the culture. Symbols come to mean what they do only in a culture; they would have no meaning to someone outside.

Answer 9

Symbol

Question 10

An organized set of symbols by which we are able to think and communicate with others

Answer 10

Language

Question 11

The chief vehicle by which human beings create a sense of self

Answer 11

Language

Question 12

A theory that language shapes our reality because it gives us a way to talk about the categories of life the we experience

Answer 12

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 13

Enactment by which members of a culture engage in a routine behavior to express their sense of belonging to the culture

Answer 13

Ritual

Question 14

One of the rules a culture develops that defines how people should act and the consequences of failure to act in the specified way

Answer 14

Norm

Question 15

One of the relatively weak and informal norms that is the result of patterns of action. Many of the behaviors we called manners are this.

Answer 15

Folkways

Question 16

Informally enforced norms based on strong moral values which are viewed as essential to the proper functioning of a group

Answer 16

Mores

Question 17

One of the norms that has been organized and written down

Answer 17

Law

Question 18

This constitutes what a society things about itself and are among the most basic lessons that a culture can transmit to its you

Answer 18

Values

Question 19

One of the rituals customs and symbols are evident in all societies

Answer 19

Cultural universal

Question 20

The culture of the masses the middle and the working class includes a wide variety of popular music, non-highbrow forms of literature, any forms of spectator sport, and other popular forms of entertainment, television, movies, and video games

Answer 20

Popular culture

Question 21

French sociologist Pierre bourdieu’s term for the cultural articles-ideas, artistic expressions, forms of music or literature-that function as resources that people in the dominant class can use to justify their dominance

Answer 21

Cultural capital

Question 22

Short-lived highly popular and widespread behavior style or mode of thought

Answer 22

Fad

Question 23

A behavior style or idea that is more permanent and often begins as a fad

Answer 23

Fashion

Question 24

The deliberate imposition of one country’s culture on another country

Answer 24

Cultural imperialism

Question 25

The spreading of new ideas through a society, independent of population movement

Answer 25

Cultural diffusion

Question 26

The relatively gradual process by which nonmaterial elements of culture catch up with changes in material culture and technology

Answer 26

Culture lag