Chapter 2 - Critical Reading and Critical Thinking

Question 1

• are special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession/group and are difficult for others to understand

Answer 1

Jargons

Question 2

• process of decoding or extracting meaning from a printed text

Answer 2

Reading

Question 3

• careful judgment

Answer 3

Critical

Question 4

• involves scrutinizing any information that you read or hear
• means not easily believing information offered to you by a text
• is an active process of discovery because when you read critically, you are not receiving information but also making interaction with the writer

Answer 4

Critical Reading

Question 5

• simply reads the text
• focus on remembering ideas
• gullible

Answer 5

Passive Reader

Question 6

• discussion between the author and the material
• it involves questioning, examination of ideas
• what, how, why
• skeptical

Answer 6

Active Reader

Question 7

RED

Answer 7

1. Recognize assumptions
2. Evaluate evidences
3. Derive conclusions

Question 8

(5) Requirements in Critical Thinking

Answer 8

by Ramage, Bean, and Johson (2006)

1. Ability to pose problematic questions.
2. Ability to analyze a problem in all its dimensions.
3. Ability to find, gather, and interpret data, facts and other info relevant to the problem.
4. Ability to imagine alternative solutions to the problem.
5. Ability to write an effective argument.

Question 9

4 Ways to Become a Critical Reader

Answer 9

1. Annotate what you read - encircle, underline, etc
2. Outline the text - main points; understanding
3. Summarize the text - gist
4. Evaluate the text - questioning the purpose, assumptions and claims

Question 10

• are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument
• can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim

Answer 10

Fallacies

Question 11

• drawing conclusions based on a small size rather than looking at statistics
• making conclusions based on biases/insufficent evidences
  ex: Even though it’s only the first day, I can tell this is
  going to be a boring course

Answer 11

Hasty Generalization

Question 12

• a general rule or observation is treated as universally true regardless of the circumstances or the individual is concerned
• stereotyping
  ex: Everyone wants to get married someday.

Answer 12

Dicto Simpliciter

Question 13

• is which one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occur earlier
• chronologically
  ex: I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the
  water must have made me sick.

Answer 13

Post Hoc/ Ergo Propter Hoc

Question 14

• when the premises of the argument contradict, it is not a keen argument
  ex: This is the mighties sword which is able to shatter
  any shield, and that is the most indestructible shield
  which is capable of enduring any stroke.

Answer 14

Contradictory Premises

Question 15

• someone tries to win support for an argument by exploiting his opponent’s feelings of pity
  ex: He should not be punished because he is just a
  little child.

Answer 15

Ad Misericordiam

Question 16

• treating future hypothetical situations as if they are fact
  ex: How could you have passed the exam if I hadn’t
  told you the answer in advance?

Answer 16

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

Question 17

• comparing two different things in a different situation
  ex: If we can put a man n the moon, why can’t we
  find the common cure for the cold?

Answer 17

False Analogy

Question 18

• tainting someone’s reputation before the discussion starts

ex: Don’t listen to him because he is a loser.

Answer 18

Poisoning the Well