Chapter 2 Continued

Question 0

The duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum are parts of the ___ ____

Answer 0

Small intestine

Question 1

The ___ ___ is a tubular organ extending from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine

Answer 1

Small intestine

Question 2

In a cadaver, the ___ ___ measures 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6 meters) long due to lack of tone of the muscular wall

Answer 2

Small intestine

Question 3

In a living person, the ___ ____ measures about 10 feet (3 meters)

Answer 3

Small intestine

Question 4

Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the ___ ____

Answer 4

Small intestine

Question 5

Two major accessory glands, the ____ and the ___ are associated with the small intestine

Answer 5

Liver and pancreas

Question 6

This structure is a coiled mass, filling most of the abdominal cavity inferior to the stomach and liver

Answer 6

Small intestine

Question 7

Throughout it’s length, the inner wall of the small intestine has a velvety appearance, which is due to many tiny projections of mucous membrane called ___ ___

Answer 7

Intestinal villi

Question 8

Intestinal villi greatly increases the surface area of the intestinal lining, aiding ____ of digestive product

Answer 8

Absorption

Question 9

The ____ constitutes the first 25cm or 10inches of the small intestines

Answer 9

Duodenum

Question 10

This structure begins at the pyloric valve, arcs around the head of the pancreas and passes to the left, and ends at a sharp bend called duodenojejunal flexure.

Answer 10

Duodenum

Question 11

This structure receives the stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile

Answer 11

Duodenum

Question 12

It is the site where the stomach acid is neutralized, fats are ____ by bile acids, pepsin is _____ by the elevated pH and the pancreatic enzymes take over the job of ______ digestion

Answer 12

Emulsified/ inactivated/ chemical

Question 13

The _____ has the most numerous intestinal villi

Answer 13

Duodenum

Question 14

The ____ is next measuring 2.5m (8ft) and the ____ forms the last 3.6m (12ft) of small intestine

Answer 14

Jejunum/ ileum

Question 15

The ____ is located largely toward the upper left of the intestinal coils and ileum to the lower right

Answer 15

Jejunum

Question 16

The small intestine lies within the peritoneal cavity and covered externally with a filmy, double fold of peritoneal membrane called the ____ __

Answer 16

Greater omentum

Question 17

The ____ and the ___ are the major sites of nutrients absorption, although some absorption occurs in the ileum

Answer 17

Duodenum / jejunum

Question 18

Done intestinal vili are located in the proximal portion of the ____

Answer 18

Jejunum

Question 19

In the mucous membrane of small intestine are ____ ___ that secrete
Mucous

Answer 19

Goblet cells

Question 20

Many specialized mucous secreting glands known as ____ ____ located in the submucosa secrete large quantities of viscous, alkaline mucus

Answer 20

Brunners glands

Question 21

The intestinal glands at the base of the vili secrete abundant watery fluid, which is devoid of enzymes and has a ph of _____ to ____

Answer 21

6.5 to 7.5

Question 22

The epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa have ___ ___ embedded in the membranes of the micro villi on their luminal surfaces

Answer 22

Digestive enzymes

Question 23

The epithelial cells do not secrete the digestive enzymes but bring them into contact with the ____ ____

Answer 23

Intestinal chyme

Question 24

Lactase, Maltese, and sucrase are ____, which are broken down into monosaccharides

Answer 24

Disaccharides

Question 25

____ splits peptides into amino acids

Answer 25

Peptidases

Question 26

____ ____ splits fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 26

Intestinal lipase

Question 27

____ breaks down nucleic acid

Answer 27

Nucleases

Question 28

The ____ ___ measures about 1.5m (5ft) and 6.5cm (2.5 in) in diameter in the cadaver

Answer 28

large intestines

Question 29

it is the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus

Answer 29

large intestines

Question 30

this structure absorbs water and electrolytes from the chyme remaining in the alimentary canal

Answer 30

large intestines

Question 31

The __ __ receives about 500ml of indigestible food residue daily, reduces it to about 150ml of feces by absorbing water and salts, and eliminating the feces by defication

Answer 31

large intestines

Question 32

Normally 18-24hrs are required for material to pass through the ___ ___, in contrast to the 3-5 hrs required for movement of chyme through the small intestines

Answer 32

large intestines

Question 33

The cecum, the colon, the rectum and the anal canal are all part of the ___ ___

Answer 33

large intestines

Question 34

The ___ is the proximal end of the large intestines. It is where the large and small intestines meet at the ilececal junction

Answer 34

cecum

Question 35

attached to the cecum is a small blind tube called the _____ (wormlike) _____

Answer 35

veriform appendix

Question 36

in humans, the ____ has not digestive function, but its walls contain ____ tissue

Answer 36

appendix/ lymphatic

Question 37

the ____ is divided into 4 portions: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

Answer 37

colon

Question 38

the ___ is a straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

Answer 38

rectum

Question 39

the ___ ___ is the last 2.5- 4cm of the digestive tract

Answer 39

anal canal

Question 40

the smooth muscle layer of the __ __ is thicker than the rectum

Answer 40

anal canal

Question 41

it begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus

Answer 41

anal canal

Question 42

the ___ is guarded by two sphincter muscles called ___ and ___ anal sphinters

Answer 42

internal and external

Question 43

the ___ anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle

Answer 43

internal

Question 44

the ___ anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle

Answer 44

external

Question 45

The __ __ wall lacks villi and circular folds

Answer 45

large intestine

Question 46

The __ __ wall also has small collections of fat in the serosa on the outter surface

Answer 46

large intestine

Question 47

T or F. Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine has little to no digestive function

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The mucous membrane of this structure contains many tubular glands composed entirely of goblet cells, which secrete large amounts of mucous

Answer 48

large intestine

Question 49

The ____ not only protects the intestinal wall against abrasive materials passing through it, but it also holds particles of fecal matter together and helps control pH of the large intestines

Answer 49

mucous

Question 50

T or F. the large intestine is the main site of water, sodium, and certain vitamins, such as K, B12, Thiamine and Riboflavin absorption

Answer 50

true

Question 51

T or F. the small intestines receives not only chyme from the stomach but also secretes from the liver and pancreas

Answer 51

true

Question 52

The ___ is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform many functions

Answer 52

pancreas

Question 53

the ___ consists of a head, located within the curvature of the duodenum, a body, and a tail, which extends to the spleen

Answer 53

pancreas

Question 54

the endocrine part of the pancreas consists of Pancreatic Islet cells that produce __ and ___ , which are very important in controlling blood levels of nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids

Answer 54

insulin and glucagon

Question 55

The exocrine part of the pancreas is a compound of cells that produce pancreatic juice called __ __ cells, which make up the bulk of the pancreas

Answer 55

pancreatic acinar

Question 56

the pancreatic acinar cells form clusters called ___ which open into a system of larger and larger ducts that eventually converge on the main pancreatic duct through which pancreatic juice is transported to the __ __

Answer 56

acini / small intestine

Question 57

both the pancreatic and bile duct from the liver and gallbladder join each other at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which is surrounded by a __ __ called hepatopancreatic ___

Answer 57

smooth muscle/ sphincter

Question 58

it contains enzymes that digest lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 58

pancreatic juice

Question 59

this enzyme digests proteins and secretes them in inactive forms

Answer 59

proteolytic pancreatic enzymes

Question 60

the major protein splitting enzymes are Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase, which are secreted in their inactive forms as ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 60

trypsinogen, chymotrysinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

Question 61

the enzyme ____ activates trypsinogen into active trypsin, which in turn activates chymotrysinogen and procarboxypeptidase

Answer 61

enterkinase

Question 62

pancreatic ____ digests starch

Answer 62

amylase

Question 63

pancreatic ___ digests fats

Answer 63

lipase

Question 64

Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease digests ___ and __ respectively to their component nucleotides

Answer 64

RNA and DNA

Question 65

T or F. High concentration of bicarbonate ions in the pancreatic juice neutralizes HCl.

Answer 65

true

Question 66

T or F. both hormonal and neural mechanisms control the exocrine secretions of the pancreas

Answer 66

true

Question 67

___ stimulates the secretion of watery solution very high in bicarbonate ions from the pancreas.

Answer 67

secretin

Question 68

the primary stimulus for secretion release is the presence of __ __ in the duodenum

Answer 68

acidic chyme

Question 69

____ stimulates the release of bile form the gallbladder and the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes

Answer 69

cholecystokinin

Question 70

the major stimulus for the release of CCK is the presence of fatty acids and other lipids in the ___

Answer 70

duodenum

Question 71

parasympathetic stimulation through the ___ ___ stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in pancreatic enzymes and ___ impulses inhibit secretion

Answer 71

vagus nerves/ sympathetic

Question 72

____ from the stomach and duodenum stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

Answer 72

gastrin

Question 73

The ____ is a reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm

Answer 73

liver

Question 74

It is the bodies largest gland, weighing about 1.4kg (3lbs)

Answer 74

liver

Question 75

The ___ has a tremendous variety of functions, but only one of them, the secretion of ___ contributes to digestion

Answer 75

liver/ bile

Question 76

The ___ has 4 lobes called the right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobes

Answer 76

liver

Question 77

From an ___ view we only see a large right lobe and smaller left lobe, which are separated from one another by the ____ ligament

Answer 77

anterior / Falciform

Question 78

from the inferior view, we see the quadrant lobe, near the ___ and the caudate lobe close to the ___ ___

Answer 78

gallbladder/ vena cava

Question 79

The area where the four lobes meet and blood vessels and ducts enter and exit the liver is the ___ ___

Answer 79

porta hepatis

Question 80

The interior of the liver is filled with many tiny __ ___ which are the livers functional units

Answer 80

hepatic lobules

Question 81

A lobule consists of a central vein passing down its core, surrounded by radiating sheet of cuboidal cells called ___

Answer 81

hepatocytes

Question 82

vascular channels called ___ __ separate platelike groups of these cells from each other

Answer 82

hepatic sinusoids

Question 83

The inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids are large cells called ___ cells or hepatic macrophages which remove bacteria and debris from the blood by ___

Answer 83

Kupffer / phangocytosis

Question 84

The ____ performs important digestive and excretory functions, stores and processes nutrients, synthesizes new molecules and detoxifies harmful chemicals

Answer 84

liver

Question 85

The liver produces and secretes about 600-1000ml of ___ each day

Answer 85

bile

Question 86

Bile contains no digestive enzymes, but plays a role in digestion because it ___ and ___ stomach acid and ___ fat

Answer 86

neutralizes/ dilutes/ emulsifies

Question 87

____ helps to neutralize the acidic chyme and brings the pH up to a level at which pancreatic enzymes can function

Answer 87

bile

Question 88

____ can remove sugar from the blood and stores it in the form of ____

Answer 88

Hepatocytes/ glycogen

Question 89

The cells can store fat, vitamins A,B12, D, E and K, copper and iron

Answer 89

hepatocytes

Question 90

nutrient ____ is an important function of the liver

Answer 90

intercoversion

Question 91

When a diet high in protein containing over supply of amino acids and an undersupply of lipids and carbs are delivered to the liver, the ____ will break down the amino acids and covert them to ___, ____, and ___

Answer 91

hepatocytes/ ATP/Lipids/ glucose

Question 92

The liver forms a major line of defense against harmful substances by ___ them by altering their structure to make them less toxic or make their elimination easier

Answer 92

detoxifying

Question 93

____ for example, a by product of amino acid metabolism, is toxic and is not readily removed from circulation

Answer 93

ammonia

Question 94

____ remove ammonia from circulation and convert it to less toxic ___ which is secreted into the circulation and finally eliminated by the kidneys in the urine

Answer 94

hepatocytes/ urea

Question 95

____ ____ which lie along the sinusoid walls of the liver, phagocytize dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria and other debris that enters the liver through circulation

Answer 95

hepatic macrophages

Question 96

The ____can produce its own unique new compounds like blood proteins such as albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin and clotting factors, which are released into circulation

Answer 96

liver

Question 97

the ____ is a pear shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver and has a capacity of 30 to 50 ml

Answer 97

gallbladder

Question 98

it is lined with columnar epithelial cells has strong muscular layers in its wall

Answer 98

gallbladder

Question 99

it stores bile between meals, concentrates bile by reabsorbing water and releases bile into duodenum when stimulated by CCK from the small intestine

Answer 99

gallbladder

Question 100

it is yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments and bile acids

Answer 100

bile

Question 101

the principal pigment of bile is ____ derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

Answer 101

bilirubin

Question 102

___ ___ (bile salts) are steroids synthesized from cholesterol

Answer 102

bile acids

Question 103

bile acids and ___, a phospholipid , aid in fat digestion absorption

Answer 103

lecithin

Question 104

___ is a disorder caused by large crystals of percipitated cholesterol in the ____

Answer 104

gallstones/ gallbladder

Question 105

drastic dieting with rapid weight loss may lead to ___ production

Answer 105

gallstone

Question 106

T or F. As a person ages the connective tissue layers of the digestive tract, submucosa and serosa tend to thin

Answer 106

true

Question 107

T or F. As a person ages there is an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells in the muscularis, resulting in increased motility in the digestive tract

Answer 107

false. the number of smooth muscle cells decrease and this causes a decrease in motility

Question 108

T or F. As a person ages the goblet cells within the mucosa secretes less mucus, making the digestive tract less protected from outside influences

Answer 108

true

Question 109

T or F. As a person ages the livers ability to detoxify, the ability for hepatic phangocytic cells to remove contaminants, and the livers ability to store glycogen all decreases

Answer 109

true

Question 110

T or F. The elderly are more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers of the digestive tract such as colorectal cancer

Answer 110

true