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bio 240 chapter 2 > Chapter 2 Continued > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Continued Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

The duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum are parts of the ___ ____

A

Small intestine

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1
Q

The ___ ___ is a tubular organ extending from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

In a cadaver, the ___ ___ measures 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6 meters) long due to lack of tone of the muscular wall

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

In a living person, the ___ ____ measures about 10 feet (3 meters)

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the ___ ____

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

Two major accessory glands, the ____ and the ___ are associated with the small intestine

A

Liver and pancreas

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6
Q

This structure is a coiled mass, filling most of the abdominal cavity inferior to the stomach and liver

A

Small intestine

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7
Q

Throughout it’s length, the inner wall of the small intestine has a velvety appearance, which is due to many tiny projections of mucous membrane called ___ ___

A

Intestinal villi

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8
Q

Intestinal villi greatly increases the surface area of the intestinal lining, aiding ____ of digestive product

A

Absorption

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9
Q

The ____ constitutes the first 25cm or 10inches of the small intestines

A

Duodenum

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10
Q

This structure begins at the pyloric valve, arcs around the head of the pancreas and passes to the left, and ends at a sharp bend called duodenojejunal flexure.

A

Duodenum

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11
Q

This structure receives the stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

It is the site where the stomach acid is neutralized, fats are ____ by bile acids, pepsin is _____ by the elevated pH and the pancreatic enzymes take over the job of ______ digestion

A

Emulsified/ inactivated/ chemical

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13
Q

The _____ has the most numerous intestinal villi

A

Duodenum

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14
Q

The ____ is next measuring 2.5m (8ft) and the ____ forms the last 3.6m (12ft) of small intestine

A

Jejunum/ ileum

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15
Q

The ____ is located largely toward the upper left of the intestinal coils and ileum to the lower right

A

Jejunum

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16
Q

The small intestine lies within the peritoneal cavity and covered externally with a filmy, double fold of peritoneal membrane called the ____ __

A

Greater omentum

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17
Q

The ____ and the ___ are the major sites of nutrients absorption, although some absorption occurs in the ileum

A

Duodenum / jejunum

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18
Q

Done intestinal vili are located in the proximal portion of the ____

A

Jejunum

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19
Q

In the mucous membrane of small intestine are ____ ___ that secrete
Mucous

A

Goblet cells

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20
Q

Many specialized mucous secreting glands known as ____ ____ located in the submucosa secrete large quantities of viscous, alkaline mucus

A

Brunners glands

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21
Q

The intestinal glands at the base of the vili secrete abundant watery fluid, which is devoid of enzymes and has a ph of _____ to ____

A

6.5 to 7.5

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22
Q

The epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa have ___ ___ embedded in the membranes of the micro villi on their luminal surfaces

A

Digestive enzymes

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23
Q

The epithelial cells do not secrete the digestive enzymes but bring them into contact with the ____ ____

A

Intestinal chyme

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24
Q

Lactase, Maltese, and sucrase are ____, which are broken down into monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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25
Q

____ splits peptides into amino acids

A

Peptidases

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26
Q

____ ____ splits fats into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Intestinal lipase

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27
Q

____ breaks down nucleic acid

A

Nucleases

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28
Q

The ____ ___ measures about 1.5m (5ft) and 6.5cm (2.5 in) in diameter in the cadaver

A

large intestines

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29
Q

it is the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus

A

large intestines

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30
Q

this structure absorbs water and electrolytes from the chyme remaining in the alimentary canal

A

large intestines

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31
Q

The __ __ receives about 500ml of indigestible food residue daily, reduces it to about 150ml of feces by absorbing water and salts, and eliminating the feces by defication

A

large intestines

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32
Q

Normally 18-24hrs are required for material to pass through the ___ ___, in contrast to the 3-5 hrs required for movement of chyme through the small intestines

A

large intestines

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33
Q

The cecum, the colon, the rectum and the anal canal are all part of the ___ ___

A

large intestines

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34
Q

The ___ is the proximal end of the large intestines. It is where the large and small intestines meet at the ilececal junction

A

cecum

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35
Q

attached to the cecum is a small blind tube called the _____ (wormlike) _____

A

veriform appendix

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36
Q

in humans, the ____ has not digestive function, but its walls contain ____ tissue

A

appendix/ lymphatic

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37
Q

the ____ is divided into 4 portions: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

A

colon

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38
Q

the ___ is a straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

A

rectum

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39
Q

the ___ ___ is the last 2.5- 4cm of the digestive tract

A

anal canal

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40
Q

the smooth muscle layer of the __ __ is thicker than the rectum

A

anal canal

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41
Q

it begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus

A

anal canal

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42
Q

the ___ is guarded by two sphincter muscles called ___ and ___ anal sphinters

A

internal and external

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43
Q

the ___ anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle

A

internal

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44
Q

the ___ anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle

A

external

45
Q

The __ __ wall lacks villi and circular folds

A

large intestine

46
Q

The __ __ wall also has small collections of fat in the serosa on the outter surface

A

large intestine

47
Q

T or F. Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine has little to no digestive function

A

true

48
Q

The mucous membrane of this structure contains many tubular glands composed entirely of goblet cells, which secrete large amounts of mucous

A

large intestine

49
Q

The ____ not only protects the intestinal wall against abrasive materials passing through it, but it also holds particles of fecal matter together and helps control pH of the large intestines

A

mucous

50
Q

T or F. the large intestine is the main site of water, sodium, and certain vitamins, such as K, B12, Thiamine and Riboflavin absorption

A

true

51
Q

T or F. the small intestines receives not only chyme from the stomach but also secretes from the liver and pancreas

A

true

52
Q

The ___ is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform many functions

A

pancreas

53
Q

the ___ consists of a head, located within the curvature of the duodenum, a body, and a tail, which extends to the spleen

A

pancreas

54
Q

the endocrine part of the pancreas consists of Pancreatic Islet cells that produce __ and ___ , which are very important in controlling blood levels of nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids

A

insulin and glucagon

55
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas is a compound of cells that produce pancreatic juice called __ __ cells, which make up the bulk of the pancreas

A

pancreatic acinar

56
Q

the pancreatic acinar cells form clusters called ___ which open into a system of larger and larger ducts that eventually converge on the main pancreatic duct through which pancreatic juice is transported to the __ __

A

acini / small intestine

57
Q

both the pancreatic and bile duct from the liver and gallbladder join each other at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which is surrounded by a __ __ called hepatopancreatic ___

A

smooth muscle/ sphincter

58
Q

it contains enzymes that digest lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

pancreatic juice

59
Q

this enzyme digests proteins and secretes them in inactive forms

A

proteolytic pancreatic enzymes

60
Q

the major protein splitting enzymes are Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase, which are secreted in their inactive forms as ___, ___, and ___.

A

trypsinogen, chymotrysinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

61
Q

the enzyme ____ activates trypsinogen into active trypsin, which in turn activates chymotrysinogen and procarboxypeptidase

A

enterkinase

62
Q

pancreatic ____ digests starch

A

amylase

63
Q

pancreatic ___ digests fats

A

lipase

64
Q

Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease digests ___ and __ respectively to their component nucleotides

A

RNA and DNA

65
Q

T or F. High concentration of bicarbonate ions in the pancreatic juice neutralizes HCl.

A

true

66
Q

T or F. both hormonal and neural mechanisms control the exocrine secretions of the pancreas

A

true

67
Q

___ stimulates the secretion of watery solution very high in bicarbonate ions from the pancreas.

A

secretin

68
Q

the primary stimulus for secretion release is the presence of __ __ in the duodenum

A

acidic chyme

69
Q

____ stimulates the release of bile form the gallbladder and the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes

A

cholecystokinin

70
Q

the major stimulus for the release of CCK is the presence of fatty acids and other lipids in the ___

A

duodenum

71
Q

parasympathetic stimulation through the ___ ___ stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in pancreatic enzymes and ___ impulses inhibit secretion

A

vagus nerves/ sympathetic

72
Q

____ from the stomach and duodenum stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

gastrin

73
Q

The ____ is a reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm

A

liver

74
Q

It is the bodies largest gland, weighing about 1.4kg (3lbs)

A

liver

75
Q

The ___ has a tremendous variety of functions, but only one of them, the secretion of ___ contributes to digestion

A

liver/ bile

76
Q

The ___ has 4 lobes called the right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobes

A

liver

77
Q

From an ___ view we only see a large right lobe and smaller left lobe, which are separated from one another by the ____ ligament

A

anterior / Falciform

78
Q

from the inferior view, we see the quadrant lobe, near the ___ and the caudate lobe close to the ___ ___

A

gallbladder/ vena cava

79
Q

The area where the four lobes meet and blood vessels and ducts enter and exit the liver is the ___ ___

A

porta hepatis

80
Q

The interior of the liver is filled with many tiny __ ___ which are the livers functional units

A

hepatic lobules

81
Q

A lobule consists of a central vein passing down its core, surrounded by radiating sheet of cuboidal cells called ___

A

hepatocytes

82
Q

vascular channels called ___ __ separate platelike groups of these cells from each other

A

hepatic sinusoids

83
Q

The inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids are large cells called ___ cells or hepatic macrophages which remove bacteria and debris from the blood by ___

A

Kupffer / phangocytosis

84
Q

The ____ performs important digestive and excretory functions, stores and processes nutrients, synthesizes new molecules and detoxifies harmful chemicals

A

liver

85
Q

The liver produces and secretes about 600-1000ml of ___ each day

A

bile

86
Q

Bile contains no digestive enzymes, but plays a role in digestion because it ___ and ___ stomach acid and ___ fat

A

neutralizes/ dilutes/ emulsifies

87
Q

____ helps to neutralize the acidic chyme and brings the pH up to a level at which pancreatic enzymes can function

A

bile

88
Q

____ can remove sugar from the blood and stores it in the form of ____

A

Hepatocytes/ glycogen

89
Q

The cells can store fat, vitamins A,B12, D, E and K, copper and iron

A

hepatocytes

90
Q

nutrient ____ is an important function of the liver

A

intercoversion

91
Q

When a diet high in protein containing over supply of amino acids and an undersupply of lipids and carbs are delivered to the liver, the ____ will break down the amino acids and covert them to ___, ____, and ___

A

hepatocytes/ ATP/Lipids/ glucose

92
Q

The liver forms a major line of defense against harmful substances by ___ them by altering their structure to make them less toxic or make their elimination easier

A

detoxifying

93
Q

____ for example, a by product of amino acid metabolism, is toxic and is not readily removed from circulation

A

ammonia

94
Q

____ remove ammonia from circulation and convert it to less toxic ___ which is secreted into the circulation and finally eliminated by the kidneys in the urine

A

hepatocytes/ urea

95
Q

____ ____ which lie along the sinusoid walls of the liver, phagocytize dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria and other debris that enters the liver through circulation

A

hepatic macrophages

96
Q

The ____can produce its own unique new compounds like blood proteins such as albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin and clotting factors, which are released into circulation

A

liver

97
Q

the ____ is a pear shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver and has a capacity of 30 to 50 ml

A

gallbladder

98
Q

it is lined with columnar epithelial cells has strong muscular layers in its wall

A

gallbladder

99
Q

it stores bile between meals, concentrates bile by reabsorbing water and releases bile into duodenum when stimulated by CCK from the small intestine

A

gallbladder

100
Q

it is yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments and bile acids

A

bile

101
Q

the principal pigment of bile is ____ derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

102
Q

___ ___ (bile salts) are steroids synthesized from cholesterol

A

bile acids

103
Q

bile acids and ___, a phospholipid , aid in fat digestion absorption

A

lecithin

104
Q

___ is a disorder caused by large crystals of percipitated cholesterol in the ____

A

gallstones/ gallbladder

105
Q

drastic dieting with rapid weight loss may lead to ___ production

A

gallstone

106
Q

T or F. As a person ages the connective tissue layers of the digestive tract, submucosa and serosa tend to thin

A

true

107
Q

T or F. As a person ages there is an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells in the muscularis, resulting in increased motility in the digestive tract

A

false. the number of smooth muscle cells decrease and this causes a decrease in motility

108
Q

T or F. As a person ages the goblet cells within the mucosa secretes less mucus, making the digestive tract less protected from outside influences

A

true

109
Q

T or F. As a person ages the livers ability to detoxify, the ability for hepatic phangocytic cells to remove contaminants, and the livers ability to store glycogen all decreases

A

true

110
Q

T or F. The elderly are more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers of the digestive tract such as colorectal cancer

A

true

bio 240 chapter 2 (2 decks)

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