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bio 240 chapter 2 > bio 240 > Flashcards

bio 240 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The digestive system has two anatomical subdivisions?

A

A. digestive or alimentary tract

B. the accessory organs

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2
Q

The digestive tract is a tube extending from _____ to _____ measuring ___ meters (__ ft).

A

A.mouth B. anus C.8 D. 27

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3
Q

alimentary tract or canal includes the ?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus , stomach, small intestines, large intestines and anal canal

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4
Q

the accessory organs are the?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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5
Q

the term Gastrointestinal (GI)tract technically only refers to the stomach and intestines but is often used as a synonym for ?

A

digestive tract

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6
Q

The digestive system is the organ system that processes ______, extracts nutrients from it and eliminates the residue. It does this in _____ stages in the following order.

A

Food , Four

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7
Q

Ingestion

A

the selective intake of food

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8
Q

Digestion

A

includes the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

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9
Q

Absorption

A

the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood or lymph.

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10
Q

Defication

A

the elimination of undigested residue

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11
Q

________ _______ is the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles and it is done by cutting and grinding action of the teeth and churning contractions of the stomach and small intestines.

A

Mechanical digestion

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12
Q

Mechanical digestion exposes more food surface to the action of ?

A

digestive enzymes

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13
Q

_______ _______ is a series of hydrolysis reactions that that break dietary macromolecules into monomers. For example break down of protiens into amino acids, fats to _____ and fatty acids, and polysaccharides to _______

A

Chemical digestion , glycerol, monosaccharides.

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14
Q

Chemical digestion, which is accomplished by ______ ______ that are secreted along digestive tract.

A

digestive enzymes

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15
Q

Most of the alimentary canal follows the basic structural plan, with the wall consisting of four major layers or tunics in order from the inner to the outer suface. what are the layers?

A

A. Mucosa
B. Submucosa
C. Muscular layer
D. Serosa

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16
Q

Mucosa, inner most layer, consist of three inner most layers. What are they

A

inner Epithelium
loose connective tissue called Lamina propria
outer thin smooth muscle layer called Muscularis Mucosae

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17
Q

In some areas of mucosa are folds and tiny projections and cells that secrete _______ and digestive ________

A

mucus

enzymes

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18
Q

The mucosa protects the tissue beneath it and carries on ______ and ________

A

secretion

absorption

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19
Q

It is a thick Connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and glands.

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

its vessels nourish the surrounding tissue and carry away absorbed materials.

A

Submucosa

21
Q

This layer consist of usually two layers of smooth muscle known as, a) Circular fibers and b) longitudinal fibers.

A

Muscular layer

22
Q

Located in this layer are some nerves called Nerve Plexus, which are extremely important in the control of movement and secretion.

A

Muscular layer

23
Q

This layer is the outer covering of the alimentary canal and is composed of Visceral Peritoneum which is formed of connective tissue. It is also called Adeventitia.

A

Serosa

24
Q

The cells of the serosa protect underlying tissue and secrete ________ ________, which moistens and lubricates tubes outer surface so that organs slide freely within the abdominal cavity and against one another.

A

serous fluid.

25
Q

The motility and secretion of the digestive tract are controlled by neural, hormonal (gastrin and secretin) and paracrine (histamine and prostaglandins) mechanisms.

A

Movements or Regulation of Digestive Tract

26
Q

Mixing movements and Propelling movements

A

The motor functions of the digestive tract .

27
Q

_______ occurs when smooth muscles of the alimentary canal contract rhythmically.

A

Mixing

28
Q

______ movements include a wavelike motion called Peristalisis, which begins when food expands the stomach

A

Propelling

29
Q

both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system extensively supply nerves to the _______ canal

A

alimentary

30
Q

Sympathetic nerve impulses, on the digestive tract are oppisite those of _________ division.

A

parasympathetic

31
Q

Sympathetic impulses inhibit certain digestive actions such as inhibiting ____________ and ____________ movements.

A

Mixing

Propelling

32
Q

Parasympathetic impulses are especially important in stimulating ______ motility and _______ within the digestive tract

A

digestive

secretion

33
Q

the _______ which is the first portion of the alimentary canal, ai also known as the _____ or buccal cavity.

A

mouth

oral

34
Q

The mouths function include ______ ( food intake), _____ and other sensory responses to food, mastication (______), chemical digestion, deglutition( swallowing ) speech and respiration.

A

ingestion
taste
(chewing)

35
Q

The mouth is enclosed by the _______, ____, ______, tongue and vestibule(space between the teet, cheeksand lips)

A

cheeks
lips
palate

36
Q

They retain food and push it between teeth for chewing

A

cheeks

lips

37
Q

They are essential for articulate speech and for sucking and blowing actions.

A

cheeks

lip

38
Q

Their fleshiness is due mainly to subcutaneous fat, the ________ muscles of the cheeks and the _______ _____ muscle of the lip, which is useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

A

Buccinator

Orbicularis Oris

39
Q

The normal reddish color of the lips, is due to many _____ _____ near their surfaces.

A

Blood vessels

40
Q

The _____ is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

A

Tongue

41
Q

_______ _______ covers the tongue and its anterior part is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue called _______ _______

A

Mucous Membrane

Ligual Frenulum

42
Q

The body of the tongue is almost covered with skeletal muscle fibers, which are responsible for mixing food particles with saliva during chewing and move food toward the _______ during swallowing

A

pharynx

43
Q

The surface of the tongue is covered with rough projections known as ________ some of which contain most of the taste buds, and some others provide friction, which help handle food

A

Papillae

44
Q

it is one of the primary organs of speech

A

tongue

45
Q

The posterior of the tongue is anchored to the ______ ____tissue and it is covered with lymphatic tissues called _______ _______

A

hyoid bone

Lingual Tonsils

46
Q

the teeth are collectively called the _________ and are the hardest structures in the body .

A

Dentition

47
Q

There are two kinds of teeth development called

A

Primary and secondary teeth

48
Q

Primary teeth (milk, baby or deciduous teeth), which are twenty in number, erupt from the ages of __ months and two to _____ years.

A

6months

4 years

bio 240 chapter 2 (2 decks)

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