Chapter 2: Concepts and Equations Flashcards

1
Q

Standard AM Range

A

535 -1605 Hz

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2
Q

How does modulation affect antenna size

A

carrier’s frequency wavelength is shorter / so shorter antenna. longer wavelengths require larger antennas

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3
Q

Process of impressing low-frequency information signals to higher frequency signal. changing one or more property of carrier signal to adjust for the information signal

A

Modulation

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4
Q

The signal that is modulated and used to carry information

A

Carrier signal

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5
Q

Also known as modulating signal, baseband signal or intelligence

A

Information

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6
Q

constant: standard AM Intermediate frequency

A

455 KHZ

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7
Q

known as coefficient of modulation or both of modulation or amount of amplitude change

A

AM Modulation index

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8
Q

formulas:
Modulation index
AM Percent Modulation

concept:
What should the modulation in index’s value be?

A

m= Vm/Vc
m= Vmax-Vmin/Vmax+Vmin
%m=m x 100%

Typically less than 1, ideally should be 1 , If more than 1then that’s overshoot

Vm= modulating signal Peak voltage
Vc = carrier signal peak voltage
Vmax= AM signal max voltage
Vmin=AM signal min voltage

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9
Q

Formula
AM current and voltage Relationship

A

IT = Ic sqrt ( 1 + (m^2/2 ) )
VT = vc sqrt( 1 +( m^2/2) ).

IT= Total or modulated current
VT = Total or modulated voltage
lc =carrier or unmodulated current
vc =carrier or unmodulated voltage
m= modulation index

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10
Q

Formula
AM Power Relationships

A

PT= Pc + 2 PSB
PSB = Pc ( m^2 /4)
PSBT = Pc ( m^2)
PT = Pc ( 1 + (m^2 /2))

PC = carrier or unmodulated power
PSB=power in one sideband
PTSB=total power in two sideband
m=modulation index

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11
Q

Bandwidth AM Requirements

A

B = 2 fmax
AM Bandwidth
fmax= max modulating frequency

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12
Q

Formula
Modulation by several signals

A

VT = sqrt ( v1^2 + v2^2…)
IT = sqrt ( I1^2 + I2^2…).
PSBT= PSB 1 + PSB2 …
meff= sqrt ( m1^2 + m2^2…)

VT = Total modulated voltage
IT = Total modulated current
meff=effective total modulation index
PSBT = total power of side bands

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13
Q

The useful power of an AM signal is? It is 1/3 of the total power or 33%

A

sideband power

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14
Q

→class A RF amplifier that isolates crystal oscillator to improve stability . Has high input impedance and low output impedance
→ class c RF amplifier used to increase output of buffer to drive the modulating signal
→class B amplifier that varies the plate voltage

A

Buffer amplifier - Intermediate power amplifier - push pull modulator

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15
Q

This means the extraction of information signal from the AM signal
→this is also known as the peak detector

A

Detection- Diode envelope detector

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16
Q

It is one of the earliest types of AM receivers, and is probably the simplest designed radio receivers available today.
Its components includes: antenna, RF amplifier, detector, AF amplifier, and speaker.

Its bandwidth is inconsistent

What are the parts;

A

TRF (Tuned Radio Frequency) Receiver

RF Amplifier - Detector- AF Amplifier

17
Q

—- means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another using nonlinear mixing

—–was invented by Edwin Armstrong, its gain, selectivity and sensitivity is far superior to the other receivers

A

Heterodyning
Super heterodyne reciever

18
Q

Parts of superHet

A

Local Oscillator -Mixer(converts RF to IF) - IF Section ( Amplification and selectivity ) - Second detector

19
Q

Formula :
Q Factor

The higher the Q factor the … the circuit

A

Q= XL/ R
fR = 1/ ( 2 pi sqrt ( LC) )
B=fR/Q

the Better

XL= inductive reactance ( ohms)
C=Farads
L=Henrys
B=Bandwidth

20
Q

Formula :Improvement
Bandwidth improvement
Noise Figure Improvement
High and Low Side Injection

A

BI= B RF / B IF
NFI = 10log (BI)
fHi = f RF + IF
fLo = f RF - IF

21
Q

Concept: Any frequency other than selected RF carrier will produce a cross product frequency

Formula : of answer above
Formula : IFRR ( The higher the better)
IFRR in dB

A

Image frequency ( High and Low injection ):
fimage = f RF + 2IF
fimage = f RF - 2IF

IFRR=sqrt(1+Q^2p^2)
IFRR dB=20 log(IFRR) [20 for both high and low]
p=(fimage/fRF)-(fRF/fimage)

Q=Q factor
fRF = incoming radio frequency

22
Q

Concept Notes: frequencies between RF and original frequencies

How can image frequency be prevented ? Increase ….. or use …… amplifier BEFORE the mixer

A

Intermediate frequencies (that’s why INTER mediate)
IFs or narrowband (narrow to not allow)

23
Q

Concept : Form of amplitude modulation in which carrier is totally supressed

Formula:
●Its current and voltage relationship
●Its power relationship
●Power Saving
●Bandwidth Requirements

A

Double sideband suppressed carrier
IT = Ic (m/sqrt( 2) )
VT = vc (m/sqrt( 2) )

IT= Total or modulated current
VT = Total or modulated voltage
lc =carrier or unmodulated current
VT = Total or modulated voltage voltage
m= modulation index

PT= 2 PSB
PT = Pc ( m ^ 2 / 2 )

PT = Total or modulated power
Pc = carrier or unmodulated power
PSB=power in one sideband

% PS=[(P AM-P DSBSC)/PAM) x 100%
P AM=AM signal total power
P DSBSC=DSBSC signal total power

B DSBSC=2fmax

24
Q

concept : form of AM modulation which carrier is totally suppressed and one of sidebands removed

Formulas :
●current and Voltage Relationship
●Power relationship
●power saving
●Peak envelope power
● Bandwidth requirement

A

SSBSC

IT = Ic (m/ 2)
VT = vc (m/2)

IT= Total or modulated current
VT = Total or modulated voltage
lc =carrier or unmodulated current
VT = Total or modulated voltage voltage
m= modulation index

PT= P SB
PT = Pc ( m^2 / 4 )
PSB = power in one sideband
PT=Total or modulated power
Pc =carrier or unmodulated power

% PS=[(P AM-P SSBSC)/PAM) x 100%
P AM=AMsignal total power

PEP = v RMS^2/RL
P AVE= PEP / 3
Pave = PEP / 4

VRMS=voltage source or root mean square
RL= Load Resistance (Ohms)

B(SSBBSC) = f(max)

25
●Known as single sideband reinserted carrier. Carrier voltage is reduced to 10% ●single carrier frequency is independently modulated ●Only part of the second sideband is transmitted, but the carrier and one sideband are fully transmitted. This is used by picture portion of commercial television broadcasting
Single sideband reduced carrier, independent sideband, vestigial sideband
26
Type of Analog modulation in which angle sinusoidal reference function is varied in accordance with modulation signal. Its two types:
Angle modulation, frequency, and phase modulation
27
Concept: ●Frequency of carrier is varied proportional to the information signal ●Standard Range? ●Standard Intermediate Frequency
Frequency modulation - 88-108 MHZ - 10.7 MHz
28
Concept; ●Relative displacement of the carrier frequency - amount of change in carrier frequency ●Ratio of Deviation and modulating signal frequency. Determines significant pairs of sideband ●Worst case modulation index ●Ratio actual frequency deviation produced to max frequency dev allowed ●Peak to peak frequency deviation Formula; Formula(s) of each answer to concept above
*Concept* : Frequency Deviation *Formula*: small delta=kf*Vm kf~frequency deviation constant Vm~modulating signal peak voltage *Concept* : FM Modulation Index *Formula*: m=small delta/fm fm~modulating signal frequency *Concept* : Deviation Ratio *Formula*: m=small delta (max)/fm(max) *Concept* : FM Percent Modulation *Formula*: %m=(small delta/small delta (max)) x 100% *Concept* : Carrier swing *Formula*: CS=2*small delta
29
Formulas: FM Bandwidth Requirements Carson Rule Narrowband FM Wideband FM
B carson = 2 ( small delta + fm) B NBFM = 2* fm B WBFM = 2*small delta
30
Concept note: AM has only two side bands but FM has?
Infinite number of sidebands
31
concepts: ●Inherent ability of and FM reciever to diminish effect of interfering ● Noise reduction Effect that occurs for strong FM signals ●known as Clipper - used to remove sporadic high-amplitude noise transients of short duration - special circuit that removes unwanted amplitude variations
Capture Effect /threshold Effect/ Limiter
32
Concept : Modulation Technique where info signal is analog and the phase of the carrieris varied proportional to info signal concept Note: similar to FM with a phase shift of 90 degrees Formula : ●Its Deviation ● Its Modulation Index
Answer to both: Phase Modulation Phase Deviation Formula kp*Vm Modulation Index formula m=Phase Deviation
33
Advantages of Angle Modulation : ●From the use of limiters ●Due to thresholding ●In FM and PMthe total power remains the same regardless if modulation is present
Noise immunity / Improved signal to Noise ratio / Power efficiency
34
concept notes: Why can the carrier and a sideband be omitted from transmission ?
The carrier does not contain any information, and two sidebands contain the same info. The other sideband is used for redundancy only