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Psych 336 > Chapter 2 - Cognitive Transitions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cognitive Transitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

the process of thinking about thinking itself

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3
Q

Imaginary audience

A

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self consciousness of early adolescence that everyone is watching and evaluating ones behaviour

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4
Q

Personal fable

A

an adolescents belief he or she unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behaviour

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5
Q

Cognitive Developmental view

A

a perspective on development based on the work of Piaget that takes a qualitative, stage theory apporach

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6
Q

Sensorimotor period

A

the first stage for cognitive development according to Piaget spanning the period roughly between birth and age 2

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7
Q

Pre operational period

A

the second stage of cognitive development

ages 2-5

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8
Q

Concrete operations

A

the third stage of cognitive development according to Piaget spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

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9
Q

Formal operations

A

the forth stage of cognitive development

spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood

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10
Q

Information-processing perspective

A

a perspective on cognition
derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (eg.memory)

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11
Q

Selective attention

A

the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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12
Q

Divided attention

A

the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

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13
Q

Working memory

A

the aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

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14
Q

Long term memory

A

the ability to recall something from a long time ago

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15
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

the recall of personally meaningful past events

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16
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

the fact that experience from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life

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17
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

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18
Q

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

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19
Q

Brain structure

A

the physical form and organization of the brain

20
Q

Brain function

A

patterns of brain activity

21
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations on the scalp

22
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

23
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

24
Q

Synapse

A

the gap in space between neurons across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulse

25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons

26
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated improving the efficiency of information processing

27
Q

Myelination

A

the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing

28
Q

Plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

29
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

extensive remodelling of the brains circuity in response to experiences during the childhood and adolescence while the brain is still maturing

30
Q

Adult plasticity

A

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood after the brain has matured

31
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards and controlling impulses

32
Q

Limbic system

A

an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information and reward punishment

33
Q

Response inhibition

A

the suppression of a behaviour that is inappropriate or no longer required

34
Q

Executive function

A

more advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of prefrontal cortex, especially in early adolescence

35
Q

Functional connectivity

A

the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time which improves during adolescence

36
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward

37
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

38
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

In Vgotsky’s theory the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills

39
Q

Scaffolding

A

structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the each of the student

40
Q

Social cognition

A

The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people about interpersonal relations about social institutions

41
Q

Mentalizing

A

the ability to understand someone else’s mental stae

42
Q

Theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have beliefs intentions and knowledge that may be different from ones own

43
Q

Social conventions

A

the norms that govern everyday behaviour in social situations

44
Q

Behavioural decision theory

A

an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome systematic decision making processes

45
Q

Sensation seeking

A

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

Psych 336 (3 decks)

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