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Cognitive Psychology (PRELIMS) > CHAPTER 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

studies how the brain and other aspects
of the nervous system are linked to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

concerned with how the
the anatomy (physical structures of the body) and the physiology
(functions and processes of the body) of the nervous system affect
and are affected by human cognition

A

Cognitive Psychologist

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3
Q

central processing unit for everything we do

A

B

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4
Q

Refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors’

A

localization of function

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5
Q

organ in our body that directly controls our thoughts,
emotions, and motivations

A

Brain

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6
Q

T/F; BRAIN IS REACTIVE AS WELL AS DIRECTIVE

A

T

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7
Q

the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to,
and interact with the world around us

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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8
Q

2 NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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9
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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10
Q

the region of the brain located toward the top and front
of the brain

A

Forebrain

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11
Q

forebrain includes what?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

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12
Q

where can cerebral cortex is located in the forebrain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres and plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

singular term for basal ganglia

A

ganglion

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15
Q

-collections of neurons crucial to motor function

A

basal ganglia

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16
Q

Dislocation of the basal ganglia can result in motor deficits,
these include:

A

tremors, involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone and slowness in movement.

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17
Q

what are 2 diseases that entails severe deficits symptoms?

A

Parkinson’s and huntington diseases.

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18
Q

important to emotion, motivations, memory, and learning

A

limbic system

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19
Q

allows us to suppress instinctive responses

A

ls

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20
Q

helps us adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our
changing environment

A

LS

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21
Q

Limbic system is important to?

A

emotion, memory, motivation, and learning

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22
Q

limbic system is comprised of 3 central interconnected cerebral structure?

A

septum, amygdala, and hippocampus

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23
Q

plays and important role in emotion especially in anger and aggression

A

amygdala

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24
Q

involved in anger and fear

A

septum

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25
Q

stimulation of amygdala results in?

A

fear

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26
Q

damage or lesion or removal of amygdala result to?

A

maladaptive lack of fear

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27
Q

t/f amygdala enhances perception of stimuli?

A

t

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28
Q

what are 2 effects of lesions to amygdala?

A

visual agnosia and hypersexuality

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29
Q

condition who has inability to recognize objects?

A

visual agnosia

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30
Q

essential in memory formation

A

hippocampus

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31
Q

greek word for hippocampus ?

A

seahorse

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32
Q

essential for flexible learning, seeing
relationships among learned and spatial memory
* - keep track of where things are and how these
things are spatially related to each other, it monitors what is
where

A

HPOCAMPUS

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33
Q

People who have suffered damage or removal of the hippocampus ARE UNABLE TO FORM MEMORIES T OR F

A

T

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34
Q

a disease that produces loss of memory
function

A

KORSAKOFFS SYNDROME

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35
Q

-relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons
that project to the appropriate region in the cortex

A

THALAMUS

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36
Q

helps in the control of sleep and waking

A

THALAMUS

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37
Q

When the thalamus malfunctions, the result can be?

A

pain,
tremor, amnesia, impairment of language, and disruptions in
walking and sleeping

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38
Q

regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding,
fleeing, and mating

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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39
Q

helps regulate emotions and react to stress
* -it also plays a role in sleep

A

HYPOTHA

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40
Q

whereby a person falls asleep often and at
unpredictable times

A

NARCOLEPSY

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41
Q

important for the functioning of the endocrine system and
involved in stimulating the pituitary glands

A

HYPOTHA

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42
Q

helps to control eye movement and coordination

A

MIDBRAIN

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43
Q

ras is also called?

A

reticular formation

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44
Q

it is a network of neurons essential to regulating
consciousness

A

Reticular activating system

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45
Q

are essential to our conscious awareness or control over our existence

A

ras and thalamus

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46
Q

connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

A

brainstem

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47
Q

it is composed of hindbrain, thalamus, midbrain, and hypothalamus

A

brainstem

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48
Q

major structure of midbrain where vision is involved especially visual reflexes

A

superior colliculi

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49
Q

major structure of midbrain where hearing is involved

A

inferior colliculi

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50
Q

major structure of midbrain where it controls the consciousness, attention, cardiorespiratory function and movement

A

RAS

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51
Q

Hindbrain is comprised of ?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum

52
Q

the oldest and primitive part of the brain and was first to develop

A

hindbrain

53
Q

controls heart activity and largely controls breathing,
swallowing, and digestion

A

medulla oblongata

54
Q

the place at which nerves from the right side of the body cross
over to the left side of the brain

A

mo

55
Q

an elongated interior structure located at the point at which
the spinal cord enters the skull and joins with the brain
* -contains part of the RAS, which helps to keep us alive

A

mo

56
Q

contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the
brain to another

A

PONS

57
Q

pons is derived from the latin word>

A

bridge

58
Q

serves as bridging function

A

pons

59
Q

-also contains a portion of the RAS and nerves serving parts of
the head and face

A

p

60
Q

latin word for cerebellum

A

little brain

61
Q

-controls coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as
some aspects of memory involving procedure-related
movements

A

cerebellum

62
Q

is evolutionarily the oldest and most primitive part of
the brain. It is the first part of the brain to develop prenatally.

A

hb

63
Q

is a relatively newer addition to the brain in
evolutionary terms. The next part of the brain to develop prenatally.

A

md

64
Q
A
65
Q

is the most recent evolutionary addition to the brain.
The last of the three portions of the brain to develop prenatally

A

fb

66
Q

-plays an extremely important role in human cognition
* -because of it, we can plan, coordinate thoughts and actions,
perceive visual and sound patterns, and use language

A

cerebral cortex

67
Q

cerebral cortex includes

A

sulci, fissures, and gyri

68
Q

small grooves

A

sulci

69
Q

large grooves

A

fissures

70
Q

are bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures

A

gyri

71
Q

t/f >The volume of the human skull has more than doubled over the past
2 million years, allowing for the expansion of the brain, and
especially the cortex

A

t

72
Q

the surface of the cerebral cortex is grayish, it
primarily includes the grayish neural-cell bodies that process the
information that the brain receives and sends

A

gray matter

73
Q

the underlying interior of the brain, includes mostly
white, myelinated axons

A

white matter

74
Q

directs the motor responses on the right side
of the body

A

left hemisphere

75
Q

directs responses on the left side of the
body

A

right hemisphere

76
Q

transmission on the same side

A

ipsilateral

77
Q

a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, it transmits information back and forth

A

corpus callosum

78
Q

-the study of hemispheric specialization in the human brain can be traced back to him. -he is a country doctor in France, in 1836, he treated more than 40 patients suffering from:aphasia

A

Marc Dax

79
Q

loss of speech

A

aphasia

80
Q

noticed a relationship between the loss of speech and the
side of the brain in which damage had occurred.

A

marc dax

81
Q

a French scientist, who claimed that an autopsy revealed that
an aphasic stroke patient had a lesion in the left cerebral
hemisphere of the brain

A

paul broca

82
Q

left hemisphere of the brain is
critical in speech

A

broca’s area

83
Q

German neurologist, who studied language-deficient patients
who could speak but whose speech made no sense

A

Carl Wernicke

84
Q

contributes to language comprehension

A

Wernickes area

85
Q

the father of neuropsychology
* -he found that implantations of crudely built electrodes in
apparently identical locations in the brain yielded different
results

A

Karl spencer lashley

86
Q

-the individual most responsible for modern theory and research
on hemispheric specialization was this Nobel Prize-winning
psychologist
* -he argued that each hemisphere behaves in many respects like
a separate brain

A

roger sperry

87
Q

-patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus
callosum

A

split brain patients

88
Q

the ability to mentally manipulate two - or three dimensional
objects

A

spatial visualization ability

89
Q

is important not only in language but also in movement

A

LEFT HEM

90
Q
  • is largely “mute”
    • has little grammatical or phonetic understanding, but have
      very good semantic knowledge
  • -involved in practical language use
A

RIGHT HEM

91
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

A

FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL

92
Q

located toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor
processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract
reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgement
* -critical in producing speech

A

FRONTAL LOBE

93
Q

the region toward the front of the frontal lobe,
is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require
integration of information over time

A

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

94
Q
  • specializes in the planning, control, and execution of
    movement, particularly of movement involving any kind of
    delayed response
    • if electrically stimulated, you would react by moving a
      corresponding body part
A

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

95
Q

HOMUNCULI IS LATIN FOR

A

LITTLE PERSON

96
Q

they depict the body parts of a person mapped on the brain.

A

HOMUNCULI

97
Q

-the upper back portion of the brain, associated with
somatosensory processing
* -helps you perceive space and your relationship to it
* -also involved in consciousness and paying attention -the upper back portion of the brain, associated with
somatosensory processing
* -helps you perceive space and your relationship to it
* -also involved in consciousness and paying attention

A

parietal lobe

98
Q

-receives information from the senses about pressure, texture,
temperature, and pain
* -located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex
* -if electrically stimulated, you would feel as if you had been
touched

A

*primary somatosensory cortex

99
Q

-located below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples, it
is associated with auditory processing and comprehending
language
* -if electrically stimulated, you would heard some sort of sound

A

temporal

100
Q

-associated with visual processing, contains numerous visual
areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene,
including color, motion, location, and form

A

occipital

101
Q

the areas in the lobes in which sensory
processing occurs, the nerves contains sensory information going to
be projected to the thalamus

A

projection areas

102
Q

primarily in the occipital lobe
>neural fibers go from the left side of the visual field for
each eye to the right side of the visual cortex (vice versa)

A

visual cortex

103
Q

refers to the front part of the brain literally the nasal region

A

rostral

104
Q

refers to thebottomn surface of the body or the brain literally the side of the stomach

A

ventral

105
Q

literally means tail and refers to the back part of the body and brain

A

caudal

106
Q

refers to the upside of the brain

A

dorsal

107
Q

individual cells that transmits electric signals from one
location to another in the nervous system

A

neurons

108
Q

the part of the brain associated with complex cognition
- the part of the cerebral cortex that evolved most recently

A

neocortex

109
Q

neocortex contains how many neurons?

A

100,000 neurons per cubic millimeter

110
Q

-contains the nucleus of the cell (the center portion that
performs metabolic and reproductive functions for the cell)
* -responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the
dendrites to the axon

A

soma

111
Q

-branchlike structures that receive information from other
neurons, and the soma integrates the information

A

dendrites

112
Q

-a long, thin tube that extends (sometimes split) from the
soma and responds to the information by transmitting an
electrochemical signal that travels to the terminus (end), where
the signal can be transmitted to other neurons

A

axon

113
Q

-a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of
the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness
of the white matter of the brain

A

myelin

114
Q

> the more an axon is myelinated, the faster signals can be
transmitted!

A

TRUE

115
Q

small gaps in the myelin coating the axon, which increase
conduction speed even more by helping to create electric signals,

A

nodes of ranvier

116
Q

create electric signals

A

action potentials

117
Q

-small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that
do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron

A

terminal buttons

118
Q

-a small gap between the neurons that serves as a juncture
between terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the
dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons

A

synapse

119
Q

-chemical messengers that transmit information across the
synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron

A

neurotransmitter

120
Q

> 3 chemical substances that appear to be involved in
neurotransmission:

A

*monoamine neurotransmitters
*amino-acid neurotransmitters
* *neuropeptides

121
Q

include serotonin and the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline;
these compounds have multiple functions including modulation of psychomotor function,
cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal control, sleep mechanisms, hormone
secretion, body temperature, and pain.

A

monoamine

122
Q

are glutamate (excitatory) and gamma amino
butyric acid (GABA) (inhibitory), GABA is produced from glutamate; these transmitters
are involved in epilepsy and brain damage due to ischaemia.

A

aminoacid

123
Q

is a proteinaceous substance produced and released by neurons that acts
on neural substrates; humans possess a wide variety of neuropeptides that can
influence a broad range of activities - over 100 different neuropeptides have been
identified in the brain

A

neuropeptides

124
Q

associated with memory functions
* -plays an important role in sleep and arousal

A

acetylcholine

125
Q

associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination
* -also involved in motivational processes such as reward and
reinforcement

A

dopamine

126
Q

-plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight
regulation

A

seretonin

Cognitive Psychology (PRELIMS) (2 decks)

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