Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Psychology (PRELIMS) > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and
think about information

A

Cognitive Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are mental shortcuts we use to
process information

A

Heuristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When we think about an issue and certain examples immediately
come to mind, we are using the?

A

Availability Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange
of ideas; in a way, it is like a discussion spread out over an extended period of time.

A

Dialectic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 dialectical processes?

A

1.) A thesis is proposed
2.) An Antithesis emerges
3.) A synthesis integrates the viewpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is a statement of belief

A

thesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is a statement that counters a thesis

A

antithesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

work together for our development

A

nature and nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What integrates the most credible features of each two?

A

synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the examination of inner ideas and experiences?

A

Introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

seeks a scientific study of life through empirical methods?

A

Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world through…

A

Philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How rationalism and empiricism started?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who believes that the route to knowledge is
through thinking and logical analysis

A

rationalist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

someone who believes that we acquire knowledge via
empirical evidence or through experience and observation

A

Empiricist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who were the person behind rationalism

A

Plato and Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who were the person behind empiricism?

A

Aristotle and John Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: Rationalist does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

believed that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A famous quote of Rene Descartes

A

Cogito ergo sum or I think,therefore, i am

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

-German philosopher, who synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have
their place

A

Immanuel Kant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

-believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore
must seek knowledge through empirical observations

A

John locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

John locke regard human mind as ?

A

Tabula rasa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tabula Rasa in latin means?

A

Blank state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 methods to gain knowledge?

A

Rationalism- through reflective thinking and logical analysis
Empiricism- observation and experiences
Synthesis- observation and logical analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 7 approaches in studying cognitive psychology?

A

structuralism, functionalism, pragmatism, associationism, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, cognitivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who were the person behind structuralism?

A

Wilhem wundt, Edward tItchener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the
mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their
constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation)

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are conscious observation of one’s own thinking process?

A

Introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the challenges associated with introspection?

A
  1. People may not always be able to say exactly what goes through
    their mind or may not be able to put it into adequate words.
  2. What they say may not be accurate.
  3. The fact that people are asked to pay attention to their thoughts
    or to speak out loud while they are working on a task may itself
    alter the processes that are going on.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

viewed as the first fullfledged structuralist

A

Edward titchener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

German psychologist, who founded structuralism; the father of
structuralism in psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

who helped bring structuralism to the United States?

A

Edward Titchner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who founded the first laboratory?

A

WW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who were the person behind functionalism and pragmatism?

A

William James, John dewey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who were the person behind associationism

A

Hemann Ebbinghaus, Edward Lee thorndike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

-seeks to understand what people do and why they do it

A

Functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pragmatism means?

A

Practicality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness

A

Pragmatist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

associating things than tend to occur at the same time

A

continguity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

they are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what can we do with our knowledge of what
people do

A

Pragmatist

41
Q

-WHO was remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and
schooling

A

John dewey

42
Q

What was WJ chief functional contribution to the field of Psychology?

A

Principles of Psychology

43
Q

founder of functionalism and a leader in guiding functionalism
toward pragmatism

A

WIlliam James

44
Q

associating things with similar features

A

Similarity

45
Q

-examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in
a form of learning

A

Associationism

46
Q

associating things that show polarities or
differences (ex: hot/cold, day/night)

A

Contrast

47
Q

the conscious repetition of material to be learned

A

Rehearsal

48
Q

Who was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles
systematically, he also studied his own mental processes

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

49
Q

Hermann used this instrument to shows the repetition result

A

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

50
Q

a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time of
an organism is rewarded for that response

A

the law of effect

51
Q

states that we best understand psychological phenomena when
we view them as organized, structured wholes

A

Gestalt Psychology

51
Q

focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and
environmental events or stimuli

A

Behaviorism

52
Q

-studied involuntary learning behavior through an experiment with
the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the
technician who fed them

A

Ivan Pavlov

53
Q

Who were the 2 whom regarded the mind as a black box

A

Edward tolman and albert bandura

54
Q

what conditioning did pavlov used?

A

CC

55
Q

> effective conditioning requires…

A

contingency

56
Q

in form of reward and punishment that is aligned
on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

A

contingency

57
Q

considered an extreme version of associationism

A

behaviorism

58
Q

the father of radical behaviorism
* - believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study
of observable behavior

A

john watson

59
Q
  • involving the strengthening or weakening
    of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of
    reinforcement (rewards or punishment)
A

operant conditioning

60
Q

a radical behaviorist, believed that virtually all forms of human
behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the
environment.

A

BF Skinner

61
Q

who founded
Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century.

A

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler

62
Q

Who regarded the mind as black box

A

behaviorist

62
Q

viewed as a forefather of modern cognitive psychology
* - thought that understanding behavior required taking into
account the purpose of, and the plan for, the behavior
* - believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal

A

edward tolman

63
Q

noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct
reward for behavior, but it can also be social, resulting from
observations of the reward or punishments given to others

A

Albert bandura

64
Q

In the early 1950s, a movement took place in response to behaviorism?

A

Cognitive revolution

65
Q

the belief that most human behavior explains how
people think;

A

cognitivism

66
Q

A synthesis of gestalt psychology and behaviorism

A

COgnitivism

67
Q

-he considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of
behavior

A

Karl spencer Lashley

68
Q

proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for
learning in the brain

A

donald hebb

69
Q

are coordinated neural structures that develop
through frequent simulation

A

Cell assemblies

70
Q

WHo wrote an entire book describing how language
acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of
environmental contingencies.

A

bf skinnner

71
Q

judges whether a computer program’s output was
indistinguishable from the output of humans

A

turing test

72
Q

-father of psycholinguistics

A

Noam Chomsky

73
Q

defined as human attempts to
construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the
intelligent processing of information

A

AI

74
Q

-popularized the concept of the modularity of mind
* -argued that the mind has distinct modules, of special-purpose
systems, to deal with linguistic and, possibly, other kinds of
information

A

Jerry Fodor

75
Q

a phrenologist who in the late eighteenth century believed that
the pattern of bumps and swells on the skull was directly
associated with one’s pattern of cognitive skills

A

Franz Joseph Gall

76
Q

was especially crucial
in bringing cognitivism to prominence by informing undergraduates,
graduate students, and academics about the newly developed field

A

Ulric Neissers book cognitive Psychology

77
Q

What are the 6 research goals?

A

*data gathering
* *data analysis
* *theory development
* *hypothesis formulation
* *hypothesis testing / experimentation
* *application to settings outside the research environment

78
Q

indicates the likelihood that a given set of
results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.

A

statistical significance

79
Q

an organized body of general explanatory principles
regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations

A

theory

80
Q

tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research

A

hypotheses

81
Q

ILLUSTRATE THE INVESTIGATIVE CYCLE

A
82
Q

what are the 6 distinctive research methods?

A
  1. laboratory or other controlled experiments
    * 2. neuroscientific research
    * 3. self-reports
    * 4. case studies
    * 5. naturalistic observation
    * 6. computer simulations and AI1. laboratory or other controlled experiments
83
Q

outcome responses, the values of which
depend on how one or more independent variables influence the
participants in the experiment

A

DV

84
Q

aspects of an investigation that are
individually manipulated

A

iv

85
Q

irrelevant variables that are held constant

A

control V

86
Q

type of irrelevant variable that has been left
uncontrolled in a study; we must be careful to avoid its influence in
our study

A

cofounding variable

87
Q

study the relationship
between cognitive performance and cerebral events and
structures

A

neuroscientific research investigators

88
Q

An individual own account of cognitive processes

A

self reports

89
Q

in depth studies of invidual

A

case study

90
Q

detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situation and non laboratory context

A

naturalistic observation

91
Q

who was a railroad worker who, in 1848,
had a large metal spike driven through his frontal lobes in a freak
accident.

A

Phineas Gage

92
Q

is a cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and
methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI,
philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.

A

Cognitive science

93
Q

what are the fundamental ideas in cognitive psychology?

A
  1. Empirical data and theories are both important - data in cognitive
    psychology can be fully understood only in the context of an
    explanatory theory, and theories are empty without empirical
    data.
  2. Cognitive is generally adaptive, but not in all specific instances.
  3. Cognitive processes interact with each other and with non
    cognitive processes.
  4. Cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific
    methods.
  5. All basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to
    applications, and all applied research may lead to basic
    understandings.
94
Q

We can combine theory with empirical methods to learn the most we can about cognitive phenomena?

A

Rationalism vs empiricism

95
Q

We can combine the 2 kinds of research so that basic research leads applied research which leads to further basic research

A

applied vs basic research

96
Q

We can try to synthenisze biological and behavioral methods so that we can understand cognitive phenomena at multiple levels of analysis

A

biological vs behavioral methods

97
Q

we can explore how covariations and interactions in the environment adversely affect someone whose genes led too success of variety of task

A

nature vs nurture

Cognitive Psychology (PRELIMS) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions