Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
What is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and
think about information
Cognitive Psychology
Are mental shortcuts we use to
process information
Heuristics
When we think about an issue and certain examples immediately
come to mind, we are using the?
Availability Heuristic
is a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange
of ideas; in a way, it is like a discussion spread out over an extended period of time.
Dialectic
What are 3 dialectical processes?
1.) A thesis is proposed
2.) An Antithesis emerges
3.) A synthesis integrates the viewpoints
Is a statement of belief
thesis
is a statement that counters a thesis
antithesis
work together for our development
nature and nurture
What integrates the most credible features of each two?
synthesis
What is the examination of inner ideas and experiences?
Introspection
seeks a scientific study of life through empirical methods?
Physiology
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world through…
Philosophy
How rationalism and empiricism started?
who believes that the route to knowledge is
through thinking and logical analysis
rationalist
someone who believes that we acquire knowledge via
empirical evidence or through experience and observation
Empiricist
Who were the person behind rationalism
Plato and Rene Descartes
Who were the person behind empiricism?
Aristotle and John Locke
T/F: Rationalist does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge
T
believed that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive
Rene Descartes
A famous quote of Rene Descartes
Cogito ergo sum or I think,therefore, i am
-German philosopher, who synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have
their place
Immanuel Kant
-believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore
must seek knowledge through empirical observations
John locke
John locke regard human mind as ?
Tabula rasa
Tabula Rasa in latin means?
Blank state
What are the 3 methods to gain knowledge?
Rationalism- through reflective thinking and logical analysis
Empiricism- observation and experiences
Synthesis- observation and logical analysis
What are the 7 approaches in studying cognitive psychology?
structuralism, functionalism, pragmatism, associationism, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, cognitivism
Who were the person behind structuralism?
Wilhem wundt, Edward tItchener
seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the
mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their
constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation)
Structuralism
Are conscious observation of one’s own thinking process?
Introspection
What are the challenges associated with introspection?
- People may not always be able to say exactly what goes through
their mind or may not be able to put it into adequate words. - What they say may not be accurate.
- The fact that people are asked to pay attention to their thoughts
or to speak out loud while they are working on a task may itself
alter the processes that are going on.
viewed as the first fullfledged structuralist
Edward titchener
German psychologist, who founded structuralism; the father of
structuralism in psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
who helped bring structuralism to the United States?
Edward Titchner
Who founded the first laboratory?
WW
Who were the person behind functionalism and pragmatism?
William James, John dewey
Who were the person behind associationism
Hemann Ebbinghaus, Edward Lee thorndike
-seeks to understand what people do and why they do it
Functionalism
Pragmatism means?
Practicality
believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness
Pragmatist
associating things than tend to occur at the same time
continguity
they are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what can we do with our knowledge of what
people do
Pragmatist
-WHO was remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and
schooling
John dewey
What was WJ chief functional contribution to the field of Psychology?
Principles of Psychology
founder of functionalism and a leader in guiding functionalism
toward pragmatism
WIlliam James
associating things with similar features
Similarity
-examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in
a form of learning
Associationism
associating things that show polarities or
differences (ex: hot/cold, day/night)
Contrast
the conscious repetition of material to be learned
Rehearsal
Who was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles
systematically, he also studied his own mental processes
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Hermann used this instrument to shows the repetition result
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time of
an organism is rewarded for that response
the law of effect
states that we best understand psychological phenomena when
we view them as organized, structured wholes
Gestalt Psychology
focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and
environmental events or stimuli
Behaviorism
-studied involuntary learning behavior through an experiment with
the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the
technician who fed them
Ivan Pavlov
Who were the 2 whom regarded the mind as a black box
Edward tolman and albert bandura
what conditioning did pavlov used?
CC
> effective conditioning requires…
contingency
in form of reward and punishment that is aligned
on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
contingency
considered an extreme version of associationism
behaviorism
the father of radical behaviorism
* - believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study
of observable behavior
john watson
- involving the strengthening or weakening
of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of
reinforcement (rewards or punishment)
operant conditioning
a radical behaviorist, believed that virtually all forms of human
behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the
environment.
BF Skinner
who founded
Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century.
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
Who regarded the mind as black box
behaviorist
viewed as a forefather of modern cognitive psychology
* - thought that understanding behavior required taking into
account the purpose of, and the plan for, the behavior
* - believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal
edward tolman
noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct
reward for behavior, but it can also be social, resulting from
observations of the reward or punishments given to others
Albert bandura
In the early 1950s, a movement took place in response to behaviorism?
Cognitive revolution
the belief that most human behavior explains how
people think;
cognitivism
A synthesis of gestalt psychology and behaviorism
COgnitivism
-he considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of
behavior
Karl spencer Lashley
proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for
learning in the brain
donald hebb
are coordinated neural structures that develop
through frequent simulation
Cell assemblies
WHo wrote an entire book describing how language
acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of
environmental contingencies.
bf skinnner
judges whether a computer program’s output was
indistinguishable from the output of humans
turing test
-father of psycholinguistics
Noam Chomsky
defined as human attempts to
construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the
intelligent processing of information
AI
-popularized the concept of the modularity of mind
* -argued that the mind has distinct modules, of special-purpose
systems, to deal with linguistic and, possibly, other kinds of
information
Jerry Fodor
a phrenologist who in the late eighteenth century believed that
the pattern of bumps and swells on the skull was directly
associated with one’s pattern of cognitive skills
Franz Joseph Gall
was especially crucial
in bringing cognitivism to prominence by informing undergraduates,
graduate students, and academics about the newly developed field
Ulric Neissers book cognitive Psychology
What are the 6 research goals?
*data gathering
* *data analysis
* *theory development
* *hypothesis formulation
* *hypothesis testing / experimentation
* *application to settings outside the research environment
indicates the likelihood that a given set of
results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.
statistical significance
an organized body of general explanatory principles
regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations
theory
tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research
hypotheses
ILLUSTRATE THE INVESTIGATIVE CYCLE
what are the 6 distinctive research methods?
- laboratory or other controlled experiments
* 2. neuroscientific research
* 3. self-reports
* 4. case studies
* 5. naturalistic observation
* 6. computer simulations and AI1. laboratory or other controlled experiments
outcome responses, the values of which
depend on how one or more independent variables influence the
participants in the experiment
DV
aspects of an investigation that are
individually manipulated
iv
irrelevant variables that are held constant
control V
type of irrelevant variable that has been left
uncontrolled in a study; we must be careful to avoid its influence in
our study
cofounding variable
study the relationship
between cognitive performance and cerebral events and
structures
neuroscientific research investigators
An individual own account of cognitive processes
self reports
in depth studies of invidual
case study
detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situation and non laboratory context
naturalistic observation
who was a railroad worker who, in 1848,
had a large metal spike driven through his frontal lobes in a freak
accident.
Phineas Gage
is a cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and
methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI,
philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.
Cognitive science
what are the fundamental ideas in cognitive psychology?
- Empirical data and theories are both important - data in cognitive
psychology can be fully understood only in the context of an
explanatory theory, and theories are empty without empirical
data. - Cognitive is generally adaptive, but not in all specific instances.
- Cognitive processes interact with each other and with non
cognitive processes. - Cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific
methods. - All basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to
applications, and all applied research may lead to basic
understandings.
We can combine theory with empirical methods to learn the most we can about cognitive phenomena?
Rationalism vs empiricism
We can combine the 2 kinds of research so that basic research leads applied research which leads to further basic research
applied vs basic research
We can try to synthenisze biological and behavioral methods so that we can understand cognitive phenomena at multiple levels of analysis
biological vs behavioral methods
we can explore how covariations and interactions in the environment adversely affect someone whose genes led too success of variety of task
nature vs nurture
