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PSYC 258 (cog psych) > chapter 2 (cognitive neuroscience) > Flashcards

chapter 2 (cognitive neuroscience) Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.

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2
Q

levels of analysis

A

a topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

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3
Q

neuron

A

cell specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system.

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4
Q

synapse

A

space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

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5
Q

neural circuits

A

group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

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6
Q

receptors

A

specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.

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7
Q

microelectrodes

A

small wires used to record electrical signals from single neurons.

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8
Q

nerve impulse/action potential

A

electrical response propagated down the length of an axon.

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9
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

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10
Q

principle of neural representation

A

everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system.

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11
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons that respond to specific visual features such as orientation, size, or more complex features that make up environmental stimuli. like bars at certain orientations.

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12
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A

mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed.

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13
Q

visual cortex

A

area in occipital lobe that receives signals from eyes.

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14
Q

temporal lobe

A

lobe on side of the brain that contains mechanisms for language, memory, hearing, and vision.

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15
Q

hierarchical processing

A

processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of brain.

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16
Q

sensory code

A

how neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment.

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17
Q

specificity coding

A

representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. one neuron per stimuli.

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18
Q

population coding

A

neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing on a large number of neurons.

19
Q

sparse coding

A

neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons. prob correct.

20
Q

localization of function

A

location of specific functions in specific areas of brain. many cognitive functions in cerebral cortex.

21
Q

cerebral cortex

A

3-mm-thick outer layer of brain that contains mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving.

22
Q

cortical equipotentiality

A

idea popular in 1800’s that brain operates as indivisible whole (not specialized areas.)

23
Q

broca’s area

A

area in frontal lobe associated with production of language. damage causes broca’s aphasia.

24
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

condition associated with damage to broca’s area (frontal lobe) characterized by laboured ungrammatical speech and difficulty understanding some types of sentences.

25
Q

wernicke’s area

A

area in temporal lobe associated with understanding language. damage causes wernicke’s aphasia.

26
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

condition caused by damage to wernicke’s area characterized by difficulty understanding language, and fluent, grammatically correct, but incoherent speech.

27
Q

occipital lobe

A

lobe at back of brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual info.

28
Q

parietal lobe

A

lobe at top of brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspects of visual information.

29
Q

frontal lobe

A

lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning.

30
Q

prosopagnosia

A

condition caused by damage to temporal lobe characterized by inability to recognize faces.

31
Q

double dissociation

A

situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person.

32
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity.

33
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A

area in temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces.

34
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

area in temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.

35
Q

extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

area in temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects.

36
Q

multidimensional

A

multidimensional nature of cognition refers to the fact that even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities.

37
Q

distributed representation

A

occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of brain.

38
Q

episodic memories

A

memories for events in person’s life.

39
Q

semantic memories

A

memories for facts.

40
Q

neural networks

A

groups of neurons/structures that are connected together.

41
Q

track-weighted imaging (TWI)

A

technique for determining connectivity in the brain that is based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers.

42
Q

functional connectivity

A

extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other.

43
Q

default mode network

A

networks of structures that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks.

PSYC 258 (cog psych) (5 decks)

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