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12 ATAR Biology > Chapter 2: Classification Process > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Classification Process Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

A system of classification, particularly biological; or the study of these systems

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2
Q

What is a major benefit of classification?

A

It simplifies and condenses large amounts of information

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3
Q

What are hierarchies?

A

A system categorized by the specific arrangement of information into ‘layers’

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4
Q

What is a major limitation to classification?

A

It can be interpreted in many different ways and is open to interpretation

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5
Q

What is the most standard and widely accepted form of taxonomy?

A

Linnaean classification

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6
Q

What are the 8 major taxa?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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7
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria

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8
Q

What are the four kingdoms in domain Eukarya?

A

Animalia, Plantae, Protista and Fungi

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9
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A naming system is which each individual is given a two-part name, such as genus and species or fist name and surname

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10
Q

What is the eutherian (placental) form of reproduction?

A

A mammal that gives birth to fully developed, or very near fully developed, live young

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11
Q

What are monotremes?

A

A mammal that does not give birth to live young but lay eggs

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12
Q

What are the only two monotremes?

A

Echidnas and platypuses

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13
Q

What is r/K selection?

A

A form of mathematical classification based on the number of offspring a species produces and the level of parental involvement required to care for them

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14
Q

What are phylogenic trees?

A

A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group comprising all of the same descendants of a particular ancestor organism

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16
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A phylogenetic tree in which all organisms are grouped according to their most likely evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

What is cladistics?

A

A taxonomic technique that arranges organisms by clade

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18
Q

What are the three assumptions that cladistics relies on?

A

That all organisms share a common ancestor, Offspring diverge dichotomously and organisms become increasingly different

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19
Q

What does plesiomorphic mean?

A

Having characteristics or traits that are common among their evolutionary relatives but are not unique to their clade

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20
Q

What does apomorhpic mean?

A

Having a characteristic or trait unique to a particular group of organisms that is different from their evolutionary relatives

21
Q

What is a character matrix?

A

A table of characteristics used for classification

22
Q

What is a node on a cladogram?

A

A point in a diagram where lines branch or intersect

23
Q

What is molecular homology?

A

The identification of shared biomolecular elements - generally genes - used to test the relationships between organisms, which can demonstrate common ancestry

24
Q

What is comparative genomics?

A

The study of DNA similarities across species

25
Q

What is a conserved sequence?

A

A DNA or protein sequence that is preserved across species due to optimal function

26
Q

What are amino acid residues?

A

A single unit that makes up a polymer

27
Q

What is mutation rate?

A

The estimated number of base pair changes per nucleotide site per generation of a population

28
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

The digital storage, retrieval, organisation and analysis of biological data; it is especially important in genomics research because of the large amount of complex data this research generates

29
Q

What is molecular phylogeny?

A

The study of evolutionary relationships using comparative genomics

30
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

The definition of a species based on the capacity of individuals to interbreed

31
Q

What are some limitation to the biological species concept?

A

It is not possible two apply to fossils - it is impossible to know which specimens could interbreed or whether physical differences between specimens denote a new species or individual variation

32
Q

What are three different species concepts?

A

Biological, morphological and phylogenic

33
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

The definition of a species based on physical characteristics

34
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

The definition of a species based on the smallest group of individuals having a common ancestor, often determined through genetic analysis

35
Q

What are some barriers that prevent species from interbreeding?

A

Incompatibility or behavioural differences

36
Q

What are the results of species interbreeding?

A

Usually, there is no offspring, however, if there is any offspring it is usually infertile.

37
Q

What is an example of a hybrid which is fertile?

A

A grolar bear (polar-grizzly)

38
Q

What are the four different species interactions?

A

Competition, symbiosis, predation and disease

39
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship between individuals of two or more species in which at least one organism benefits from the interaction

40
Q

What are the three main types of symbiosis?

A

Parasitism, commensalism and mutualism

41
Q

What is the photic zone?

A

The first 200 m of ocean depth that is deep as light can penetrate, allowing for photosynthetic animals to live, 90% of ocean life lives in this zone

42
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

The increase of concentration of nutrients, such as phosphates and nitrates, in a waterway that promotes algal bloom

43
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

A statistical sampling technique that divides an area into strata for separate sampling

44
Q

What are stratum?

A

A lay or subsection of a whole

45
Q

What is the population density equation?

A

Average number of individuals per quadrat/ size of each quadrat

46
Q

What is a transect?

A

A narrow section taken straight across an area, along which observations or measurements are made

47
Q

What is a common method of sampling mobile species?

A

capture-mark-recapture

48
Q

What are some ways to minimise error during sampling?

A

Sufficient quadrants, proportional number quadrates in each area, using a random number generator

49
Q

What are some ways to present collected information?

A

The most simplest form is in a table however, it is easier in a visual format (graphs)

12 ATAR Biology (14 decks)

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