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Vertebrate Zoology > Chapter 2 - Chordates > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chordates Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve cord that runs just beneath the surface of the animal, differentiates into the spinal/brain cord. (Synapomorphy of Chordates)

A

Single, hollow, nerve cord

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2
Q

Flexible rod that forms on the dorsal side of the primitive gut in the early embryo and is present at some developmental stage in all chordates (Differentiates into the spinal column/vertebrae that protects the spinal cord) (Synapomorphy of Chordates)

A

Notochord

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3
Q

A synapomorphy of chordates, not notochord, hollow nerve cord, or pharyngeal slits?

A

Post-anal tail

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4
Q

A ciliated, glandular groove on the floor of the pharynx that secretes mucus for trapping food particles during filter feeding (eventually goes away)

A

Endostyle

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5
Q

Connects the pharynx to the external environment; maybe called pouches in terrestrial chordates because it does not connect it to the outside (Synapomorphy of Chordates)

A

Pharyngeal slits

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6
Q

(Non-vertebrate Chordates) – Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates or Seasquirts)

A
  • Only larva have all four chordate characteristics

- Adults are sessile (not moving, attached to substrate), have no major body cavity, nor segmentation

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7
Q

(Definition of a Vertebrate) - Vertebrae

A

Serially arragned bones that have replaced the notochord and protect the spinal cord

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8
Q

(Definition of a Vertebrate) - Cranium

A

The skull, which is a bony or cartilaginous structure that protects the brain

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9
Q

(Definition of a Vertebrate) - (Embryonic Features) - Hox gene complex

A

A sequence of DNA that regulates the expression of genes that control the development of body structures

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10
Q

(Definition of a Vertebrate) - (Embryonic Features) - Neural crest

A

a type of embryonic tissue that forms many structures in the head region, including epidermal placodes, which give rise to many sensory organs

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11
Q

(Definition of a Vertebrate) - Brain characteristics

A

Larger and composed of three parts (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain)

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12
Q

(Adult Tissue Proteins) - Collagen

A

Fibrous protein found in soft organ tissue, tough tissue of ligaments and tendons, and in bone matrix

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13
Q

(Adult Tissue Proteins) - Elastin

A

Fibrous protein that makes the tissue stretch and recoil

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14
Q

(Adult Tissue Proteins) - Keratin

A

Fibrous protein only found in vertebrates that makes scales/feathers, hair, nails/claws, horns, and beaks

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15
Q

(Adult Tissue Types) - Epithelial

A

Covers body surfaces and lines the body cavities

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16
Q

(Adult Tissue Types) - Connective

A

Binds and supports the body, including tendons, ligaments, and bone

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17
Q

(Adult Tissue Types) - Vascular

A

A fluid connective tissue that is made up of 45% of formed elements (cellular components_ and 55% plasma (inorganic, organic, water)

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18
Q

(Adult Tissue Types) - Muscular

A

Moves the body and its parts

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19
Q

(Adult Tissue Types) - Nervous

A

Receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses

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20
Q

Integument

A

External covering that protects the body and receives information from the outside world

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21
Q

(Skin) - Epidermis

A

Superficial layer consisting stratified squamous epithelium composed of keratinocytes and melanocytes

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22
Q

(Skin) - Dermis

A

Middle layer consisting of dense fibrous connective tissue containing sensory receptors, blood vessels, and glands

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23
Q

(Skin) - Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer consisting of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, which stores fat

24
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Cartilage

A

Stiff, inflexible connective tissue that has no blood supply

25
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Bone

A

Very rigid connective tissue that does have a blood supply (so it regenerates better than cartilage)

26
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Enamel

A

Outer tissue found in teeth and dermal scales in sarcopterygii (including all tetrapods) and some actinopterygii

27
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Dentine

A

Inner tissue found in teeth

28
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Enameloid

A

Outer tissue found in teeth and dermal scales in most fishes

29
Q

(Adult Mineralized Tissue) - Cementum

A

Hard, bone-like tissue that fastens teeth in their sockets

30
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

A unique type of mineral made up of calcium and phosphorous only found in vertebrates

31
Q

(Cranial System) - Chondocranium

A

Supports the brain

32
Q

(Cranial System) - Splanchonocranium

A

Surrounds and supports the gills nad is part of the jaw in gnathostomes

33
Q

(Cranial System) - Dermatocranium

A

Forms the skin as an outer cover, only found is some bony fish

34
Q

(Cranial Musculature) - Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A

Six striated muscles that rotate the eyeball

35
Q

(Cranial Musculature) - Branchiomeric Muscles

A

Muscles associated with the splancocranium that used for sucking in water during feeding and respiration in fish

36
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The vertebral column that goes from the posterior end of the pituitary gland to the flesh part of the tail and was developed from the notochord. The intervertebral discs are what is left of the notochord

37
Q

(Axial Musculature) - Myomeres

A
  • Make up axial muscles
  • In Amphioxus, myomeres are V shaped
  • In vertebrates, myomeres are W shaped
  • In gnathostomes, the myomeres are divided into epaxial (dorsal) and hypoxial (ventral) portions, which is separated by a horizontal septum
  • In tetrapods, this segmentation of the muscles is less obvious
38
Q

Feeding

A

Includes getting food into the mouth, oral/pharyngeal processing (Mammals - mastication (chewing)/ Snakes - jaw unhinging), and swallowing

39
Q

Digestion

A

Includes breaking down complex compounds into small absorbable molecules

40
Q

Peristalsis

A

The involuntary, rhythmic movement of the smooth muscles that helps transport food through the digestive system

41
Q

Liver and Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes to help in digestion

42
Q

Cloaca

A

A common opening in most vertebrates for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (Only some mammals are unique in that we have a separation of the digestive and reproductive systems)

43
Q

Gills

A

Respiratory structure in aquatic vertebrates (except Dolphins which are mammals and have lungs)

44
Q

Lungs

A

Respiratory structure in terrestrial vertebrates

45
Q

Cutaneous Respiration

A

Diffusion of gases through skin, seen in primitive terrestrial vertebrates and amphibians

46
Q

Vertebrates have a ________ circulatory system.

A

Closed

47
Q

Heart

A

Organ that pumps blood

48
Q

Vessels

A

Structure which blood flows through

49
Q

Sinus Venosus

A

Posterior heart chamber that receives blood from the veins

50
Q

Atrium

A

Heart chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus or the veins

51
Q

Ventricle

A

Heart chamber that receives blood from the atrium and pumps it into the aorta

52
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart (A for artery = away)

53
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin, small vessels that have large surface area to allow gas exchange with the tissues

54
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

55
Q

Portal Veins

A

Veins found between two capillary beds

56
Q

(Excretory System) - Kidneys

A

Organ that gets rid of waste and regulates the bod’s water and mineral

57
Q

(Excretory System) - Nephrons

A

Microscopic tubules within the kidney that produce urine

Vertebrate Zoology (5 decks)

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