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Microbiology > Chapter 2:: Chemistry of Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2:: Chemistry of Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Amino acid

A

A monomer of polypeptides

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1
Q

Acid

A

Compound that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

All of the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together

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3
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest chemical unit of matter.

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5
Q

Atomic mass

A

The sum of the masses of the portons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom

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6
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

Base

A

Molecule that binds with hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

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8
Q

Buffers

A

A substance, such as protein, that prevents drastic changes in pH

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9
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Organic macromolecule consisting of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

All of the decomposition reactions in an organism taken together

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11
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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12
Q

Chemical bonds

A

An interaction between atoms in which electrons are either shared or transferred in such way as to fill their valance shells

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13
Q

Compound

A

A molecule containing atoms of more than one element

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14
Q

Decomposition

A

A chemical reaction in which bonds of larger molecules are broken to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules.

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15
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Type of synthesis reaction in which two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is formed

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

Process by which a proteins three dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function.

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17
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a deoxyribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of the base adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

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18
Q

Disaccharide

A

Carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide molecules joined together

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19
Q

Electrolytes

A

Any hydrated cation or anion; can conduct electricity through a solution

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20
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of an atom for electrons

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21
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle

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22
Q

Element

A

Matter that is composed of a single type of atom

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23
Q

Fats

A

Compounds composed of three fatty acid molecules linked to a molecule of glycerol.

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24
Q

Functional group

A

An arrangement of atoms common to all members of a class of organic molecules, such as the amine group found in all amino acids

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25
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

The electrical attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom and a full or partial negative charge on a different region of the same molecule or another molecule.

26
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A decomposition reaction in which a covalent bond is broken, and the ionic components of water are added to the products.

27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

28
Q

Hydrphobic

A

insoluble in water

29
Q

Inorganic Chemicals

A

Molecule lacking carbon

30
Q

ionic bond

A

A type of bond formed from the attraction of opposite electrical charges. Electrons are not shared.

31
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of a given element that differ only in the number of neutrons they contain.

32
Q

Lipids

A

Any of a diverse group of organic macromolecules not composed of monomers and insoluble in water.

33
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

34
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

35
Q

Monomer

A

A subunit of a macromolecule such as a protein

36
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A monomer of carbohydrate, such as a molecule of glucose

37
Q

Neutrons

A

An uncharged subatomic particle

38
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which there is equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativity

39
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer of a nucleic acid, which is composed of a nucleoside and a phosphate

40
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical to ovoid membranous organelle containing a eukaryotic cell’s primary genetic material

41
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms

42
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between amino acids in proteins

43
Q

pH

A

a logarithmic scale used for measuring the concentration of hydrogens ions in a solution

44
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phosphate-containing liquid made up of molecules with two fatty acid changes

45
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Type of bond in which there is unequal sharing of electrons between atoms with opposite electrical charges.

46
Q

Polymers

A

Repeating chains of covalently linked monomers found in macromolecules.

47
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrate polymer composed of several to thousands of covalently linked monosaccharides

48
Q

Primary Structure

A

Amino Acid sequence

49
Q

Products

A

The atoms, ions, or molecules that remain after a chemical reaction is complete

50
Q

Protein

A

A complex macromolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygan, nitrogen and sulfur and important to many cell functions

51
Q

Protons

A

A positively charged subatomic particle, which is also the nucleus of a hydrogen atom

52
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Interaction of peptide chains due to hydrogen bond, hydrophilic/phobid interactions, disulfide bonds

53
Q

Reactants

A

The atoms, ions, or molecules that exist at the beginning of a chemical reaction

54
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a ribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

55
Q

Saturated

A

A triglyceride in which all but the terminal carbon atoms are covalently linked to two hydrogen atoms

56
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Alpha Helix or Beta sheet stabilized by hydrogen bonds

57
Q

synthesis reactions

A

A chemical reaction involving the formation of larger, more complex molecules

58
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

interactin of hydrophilic/phobic aminos. Gives protein its 3D shape

59
Q

valence

A

The combining capacity of an atom

60
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

Any chemical reaction that releases energy

61
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

Any chemical reaction that requires energy

62
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

63
Q

Nucleic acid

A

monomer: nucleotide

Bond type: phosphodiester

Microbiology (3 decks)

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